Superconductivity is a property displayed by certain materials at very low temperatures. Metals and their alloys have been known to be superconductive (ex. Tin, aluminum) other materials that have also been found to be superconductive are ceramics which contain copper and oxygen atoms. Superconductors have a special property which is that they can conduct electricity without resistance which means that energy is not lost. Once in motion, energy can flow through a closed loop of superconductive material forever. Superconductivity is the closest thing to perpetual motion.
b)Superconductivity is related to quantum mechanics because in order for superconductors to work you must get all electrons into a single quantum state. This requires to electrons to be paired together, to make the electrons a composite particle both electrons need to have no spin, or spin in the same direction. Quantum mechanics does not support this idea because electrons cannot be made to have zero spin or to spin in the same direction. Also, in order to explain electrical resistivity in terms of electron collisions was impossible because measuring the location and velocity of an electron simultaneously could not be done. This is why quantum mechanics couldn’t support or explain superconductivity.
2. A) Superconductors can only work at extremely low temperatures. Low temperature superconductors work at about 30K, and high temperature superconductors work at about 70K to 138K; these superconductors are almost always made of ceramics. In superconductors electrons bind to each other in arrangements called copper pairs. Electrons in these copper pairs flow endlessly without resistance. Temperature plays a vital part in superconductivity because in ord...
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4. Charles Choi. Scientific American. (2008). Iron Exposed as High-Temperature Superconductor Retrieved from,http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=iron-exposed-as-high-temp-superconductor
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Conventional MRI examination included axial and coronal spin-echo T1-weighted sequence, axial T2- weighted sequence, axial and coronal fat suppressed spin-echo T2-weighted sequence, and axial DWI, slice thickness, 4 mm; interslice gap, 1 mm; field of view, 50 cm2. DWIs were performed using three sets of b value (50, 400, and 800 s/mm2). All MRI images including diffusion-weighted image sequences were transferred to an independent workstation.
Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to a temperature very close to absolute zero. The creation of Bose-Einstein condensates is the basis for super fluidity and super conductivity and allowed for the creation of a new type of matter.
In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell revolutionized physics by publishing A Treatise On Electricity And Magnetism (James C. Maxwell, Bio.com), in which his equations described, for the first time, the unified force of electromagnetism (Stewart, Maxwell’s Equations), and how the force would influence objects in the area around it (Dine, Quantum Field Theory). Along with other laws such as Newton’s Law Of Gravitation, it formed the area of physics called classical field theory (Classical Field Theory, Wikipedia). However, over the next century, quantum mechanics were developed, leading to the realization that classical field theory, though thoroughly accurate on a macroscopic scale, simply would not work at a quantum, or subatomic scale, due to the extremely different behaviour of elementary particles. Scientists began developing a new ideas that would describe the behaviour of subatomic particles when subjected to the fundamental forces (QFT, Columbia Electronic Dictionary)(QFT, Britannica School). Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is always constant and as a result, both space and time are, in contrary, relative, was combined into this new theory, allowing for accurate descriptions of elementary
staff, M. (2011, March 3). How your brain works. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 17, 2013, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/brain/BN00033&slide=8
Ware, Mark. Canadian Medical Association Journal. webmd.com. N.p. 30 August 2010. Web. 4 May 2014.
Superconductivity, a similar phenomenon, was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. When he cooled some mercury down to liquid helium temperatures, it began to conduct electricity with no resistance at all. People began experimenting with other metals, and found that many tranisition metals exhibit this characteristic of 0 resistance if cooled sufficiently. Superconductors are analagous to superfluids in that the charges within them move somewhat like a superfluid - with no resistance through sections of extremely small cross-sectional area. Physicists soon discovered that oxides of copper and other compounds could reach even higher superconducting temperatures. Currently, the highest temperature at wich a material can be superconductive is 138K, and is held by the compound Hg0.8Tl0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8.33.
During the late 1970's, the world of diagnostic imaging changed drastically due to the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, also known as MRI. For over 30 years, they have grown to become one of the most significant imaging modalities found in the hospitals and clinics ("EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND FACULTY INFORMATION"). During its ancient days, these machines were referred to as NMRI machines or, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” The term “nuclear” comes from the fact that the machine has the capability of imaging an atom's nucleus. Eventually, the term was dropped and replaced with just MRI, because “nuclear” did not sit well with the public view ("EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND FACULTY INFORMATION"). Many people interpreted the machine to produce an excess amount of radiation in comparison to the traditional X-ray machine. What many of them were unaware of, MRI does not disperse a single ounce of ionizing radiation making it one of the safest diagnostic imaging machine available to this date. MRI machines actually use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high quality images consisting of precise details that cannot be seen on CT (Computed Tomography) or X-ray. The MRI magnet is capable of fabricating large and stable magnetic fields making it the most important and biggest component of MRI. The magnet in an MRI machine is measured on a unit called Tesla. While regular magnets commonly use a unit called gauss (1 Tesla = 10,000 gauss). Compared to Earth's magnetic field (0.5 gauss), the magnet in MRI is about 0.5 to 3.0 tesla range meaning it is immensely strong. The powerful magnetic fields of the machine has the ability to pull on any iron-containing objects and may cause them to abruptly move with great for...
"Imaging and radiology." Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. 2008. eLibrary. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.
of the Theory of Superstrings and the Theory of Everything in 1974 saw a new
Traditionally in school we are taught that there are only four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Fortunately this is not true as that would be boring. There are also at least 4 other-less common states and Icontest a fifth. These are Bose-Einstein condensate, photonic molecules, quark-gluon plasma, superconductors, and superfluids. They all have unique properties that clearly distinguish differences between them and the traditional four states. These breakthroughs could help us in the future and have some practical uses right now.
When we place two objects with different temperatures in contact with each other, the heat from the hotter object will immediately and automatically flow to the colder object. This is known as conduction. Some objects make excellent conductors of heat while others make poor conductors of heat or excellent insulators. Silver, copper, and gold make excellent conductors of heat. Foams and plastics make good insulators of heat but make poor conductors. Last night for dinner, I made myself a grilled cheese sandwich and a bowl of tomato soup. I heated the soup faster than I cooked the sandwich so I poured the hot soup into a bowl and finished cooking the sandwich. Once I was done cooking, I gabbed the soup bowl and burned my hand. The heat from the soup made the bowl hot. This is an example of conduction.
Wolf, A. (2011). What is cryonics?. In Institute for Evidence-Based Cryonics. Retrieved December 30, 2013, from http://www.evidencebasedcryonics.org/what-is-cryonics/.
Superconductivity can be destroyed if a sufficiently strong magnetic field is applied. A metal in this state has very unique magnetic properties that are unlike those at normal temperatures. A superconductor is often referred to as the perfect diamagnetic. Diamagnetic, ideally, are a class of materials that do not conserve magnetic flux, but expel it. A superconductor is classified as a perfect diamagnetic because by all measurable standards the magnetic flux within the material is zero.
Superconductors consist of an element, inter-metallic alloy, or compound that will conduct electricity without resistance (loss of energy flowing through the material) below a certain temperature. Once in motion, electrical current will flow forever in a closed loop of superconducting material, hence the high demand of such a product.
The various types of magnets are used in countless facets in everyday life. Thousands of industries, including automotive, electronics, aerospace, craft, manufacturing, printing, therapeutic and mining utilise magnets so that their machineries, tools and equipment can properly function.