Manufacturing process of polyester. Producing polyester in laboratory. Polyester is an example of condensation polymerisation1. Condensation polymers are polymers that are formed by joining molecules together and they loose a small molecule such as water or methanol as a by-product1. A polyester is made by reacting an acid with two -COOH groups and an alcohol with two -OH groups1. In this particular case the acid is benzene-1,4- dicarboxylic acid also known as terephthalic acid and the alcohol used is ethane -1,2-diol also known as ethylene glycol1. Now this acid and alcohol make continuous chains by lining up alternately1. This makes an ester linkage between each acid group and alcohol group1. As they are condensation polymers it loses a small molecule, in this case it is a molecule of water1. So for every ester linkage that is formed it loses a molecule of water1. After this compound is formed, then comes the polymerisation stage1. In the polymerisation stage the compound that is produced is heated at a temperature of 260oC and at a low pressure1. A catalyst is required at this stage to speed up the reaction - there are many options for catalysts such as antimony (iii) oxide1. After this step the polyester is formed and half of the ethane1,2- diol is restored which is removed1. This is the final polyester also known as the polyethylene terephthalate1. Producing polyester for manufacturing purposes. There is another method of producing polyester. This method is mainly used by manufacturers to produce polyester. The two basic form of polyester produced are filament yarn and staple fiber2. The filament yarn is a smooth surfaced fabric that are continuous in length and a staple fiber are just yarns cut into short lengths but... ... middle of paper ... ...ic may feel wet in hot weather3. Also it lacks appearance3. Finishing process – They have similar finishing process to a yarn. Manufactures – These are the top three manufactures of polyester worldwide3. E.I.du Pont de Nemours Co.,Inc. Hoescht Celanese BASF Biblography 1. "Polyesters - Terylene and PET." Polyesters - Terylene and PET. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2014. . 2. "How Products Are Made." How Polyester Is Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014. . 3. "Manufacturing Polyester." Manufacturing Polyester. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2014. . 4. "Polyester Revival Glossary." Polyester Revival Glossary. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2014. .
The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
Kevlar® Testing & Research at DuPont European Technical Centre. (n.d.). Kevlar® Testing & Research. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.dupont.co.uk/products-and-services/fabrics-fibers-nonwovens/fibers/videos/kevlar-testing-research.html
The Crystallinity of Kevlar Polymer strands, contributes to the unique strength and stiffness of the material. Kevlar is very similar to other common synthetic polymers, including Nylon, Teflon and Lycra. In all Polated to strength. Aromatic refers to the Carbon atoms attached in a ring, and Amides refers to a group of Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen atoms. Kevlar fiber is therefore a “Polyaromatic amide”, as it has a high breaking strength.
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained either by extraction from natural gas or from crude oil using a process called fractional distillation (AUS-e-TUTE n.d.; University of Washington). Fractional distillation is a process that separates the various components of crude oil, in this case, to obtain ethane.
The synthesis of polymers starts with ethylene, (or ethene). Ethylene is obtained as a by-product of petrol refining from crude oil or by dehydration of ethanol. Ethylene molecules compose of two methylene units (CH2) linked together by a double carbon
... and react to form a prepolymer. In dry spinning fiber production, the prepolymer is additionally reacted with an equal amount of diamine. The resulting solution is diluted with a solvent to produce the spinning solution. The spinning dry solution is pumped into a spinning cell where it is converted into fibers by forcing the polymer solution through a spinneret. This causes the solution to be aligned in strands of liquid polymer. As the strands pass through, they are heated in the presence of a nitrogen and solvent gas, causing the liquid polymer to chemically react and form solid strands. The fibers are then treated with a finishing agent that prevents the fibers from sticking together. The fibers are transferred through a series of rollers onto a spool. When the spools are full they are put into final packaging and shipped to textile manufacturers and customers.
PET. It states the properties of the plastic as well recycling methods. My goal was to find
Many, many things that we wear, sleep on, sleep under, walk on, or utilize in wound-care, etc., contain some percentage of cotton. It is a fiber that is used everyday, by everyone, in one way or another. It has qualities that have made it a choice crop for centuries around the world. Today though, cotton is being largely displaced by synthetic fibers that have qualities that exceed the natural crop plant. These fibers can also be mass-produced and sold at relatively lower costs.
Civilization has brought tremendous changes in the life of human beings. All things are changing day by day through the efforts of scientific researches. Among these textiles are good example.. a dictionary definition of the noun 'textile' is a woven fabric and d defination of the verb 'to wave' is 'to make by crossing threads, strands, strips etc, above and below one another, as in a loom to form cloth'.(sheila landi1998,-10-11). Textile are remarkable and exist in many forms. they can be made from a wide range of fibers including: cotton , flax, wool, silk, acrylic and polyester. the process involved in making textiles from these fibers are diverse e.g: spinning , weaving, braiding , knotting , embroidery , dying and printing(foekje boersma 2007).
The CFRPs are mainly composed of by binding thermo-set resin such as epoxy, but other thermo-set or thermoplastic polymers, such as polyesters, vinyl esters or nylon are sometimes used. The composite may contain other fibers, such as an aramid, aluminum, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene or glass fibers, as well as carbon fiber. Type of additives and binding mixture can also decides the final properties of the CFRP.
There are two popular ways of creating nylon for fiber applications. One, ¡°molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (NH©ü) groups on each end.¡± The nylon 6,6 is made in this fashion. The other common way of making nylon fibers is by polymerizing a compound containing an amine at one end and an acid at the other, to form a chain with reoccurring groups of (-NH-[CH©ü]n-CO-)x. If the x=5, the fiber is named nylon 6 (Nylon Fiber).
Sewing threads can be classified on the basis of type of fibre to be used, thread construction and finishes applied to the surface of thread. Threads can be manufactured form natural or synthetic fibres. Natural threads include cotton, linen and silk thread. Cotton thread is of three types: soft, glace and mercerized. Soft thread receives no special treatment other than bleaching or dyeing. Glace thread have a surface coating while mercerized thread is treated with caustic soda to produce thread with high lustre. Cotton thread have good sewability, good dye take-up but low strength. Linen thread have good strength and stiffness than cotton. Silk thread have high extensibility up to 20% which is an important factor adding to the strength of silk thread. It is available both in spun and filament form.[5] Most common synthetic threads include polyester and nylon. Both threads are stronger, more resistant to abrasion, mildew and ultraviolet radiation and have less shrinkage than cotton.[2] Moreover due to their
Synthetic fibers are man-made from chemical processes or altered natural fibers. They most often start out as a chemical made from coal, oil or natural gas. The compound is then ran through a device with small holes in it called a spinneret. (Troøyen, Fabrics for Dummies: Synthetic Fibers). The solution then evaporates and creates the fiber. Nylon was the world’s first synthetic fiber that was created from only chemicals. It had many advantages such as being durable and lightweight, much better than natural fibers and a substitute for wool (1910s Synthetic Textile Fibers ) . “Nylon was made after several years of research at the DuPont company. Inside, it was simply called fibre 66, but they wanted a trade name. The first suggestion was Duparooh, short for 'DuPont pulls a rabbit out of hat'! But after 400 names were suggested, nylon was finally chosen” (How Are Synthetic Fibers Made?). The first company to produce synthetic fabrics...