OSI/ISO Protocols OSI protocol is a network of guidelines for swapping information. Each of these principles of OSI protocols were developed and innovated by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) which started in the late 1940s. “Since that time ISO has circulated over more than 19,500 international guidelines covering nearly all features of technology and industries across the world in which stated members from ISO” (ISO story). “Today, Geneva, Switzerland, ISO have members from 164 countries and people grind full time for their Central Secretariat” (ISO story). In the early 60s, delegates from several countries met in overseas to discuss the future plans for International Standardization. In the late 40s, ISO publically becomes into reality with more than 50 groups of experts concentrating on a particular subject. The first offices of ISO were located in Geneva in a small secluded house. At that time they consisted of five members on staff. By the early 50s, the first ISO standard was created and has been updated numerous times throughout the years since it first came about. Since the design of ISO they distributed information once a month, about their technical teams, the guidelines issued and administrative modifies to the organization and its members. “During the 60s, ISO issued the standard ISO 31 on quantities and units, and is grounded on S.I”( ISO story). “The SI sets out one unit for each quantity for instance, the meter for distance and the second for time.”(ISO story) The intention of the SI system is to spread global equivalence in units of measurement. During the sixties ISO was driven to include more evolving countries in its global work. By 1961, ISO established a committee named DEVCO. This t... ... middle of paper ... ...ters information for security purposes. For instance, password encryption. The application layer involves application programs and user interfaces. It is at this layer that user's network with all of the systems that the model outlines. It supports many features that enable discussion of information across users. For an example, it provides an application service, network software amenities for sending of e-mails. The applications that uses these services include FTP and Telnet which exist entirely on this layer. The application layer serves as the frame for users and application processes to access network services. This layer holds a variety of needed functions, Remote file access, Device redirection and Resource sharing, Remote, Directory services, Inter-process communication, printer access, Electronic messaging Network virtual terminals, and Network management.
ISO 9001 is a quality management standard that helps a company or an organisation to continually monitor quality across all operations. As an internationally recognised quality standard, it outlines ways to achieve, as well as
Further on, the global environment holds additional political and legal barriers that hinder the day to day performance of the company. As such, the ISO (International Standards Organization) starts a divergent standard of transportation compared to the standards that are given by the Ministry of Transportation in the United States (Patty, 2015). There are various rules for corporate transparency and accountability that obliges the providers of transportation to adopt new compliance forms, international taxation, employment and the industrial
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body that consists of qualified subject-matter experts from more than 10 countries that attempt to integrate national standards like those from the American National Standards Institute, ISO Technical Committee (TC) 215 Health Informatics, the BSI Group from the United Kingdom, and the Standards Council of Canada, to name a select few (Murphy, 2015).
The OSI model provided for a solution to this problem. The model organized those tasks that are essential for computer network operation, into seven groups. These groups were called layers. All manufacturers of computing equipment were recommended to make their products compliant with the OSI model. This meant that each computing product was to perform the functions associated with a specific layer within the model; any method of accomplishing these functions was acceptable. In a network composed of equipment that operated according to OSI guidelines, a separate product would be used to perform each layer of OSI functionality. Thus, all elements of the network would be aware of the specific jobs performed by every other network element; this would allow for compatibility between networking products that were created by different vendors. By designing networks according to OSI guidelines, the networker was able to combine any group of products, made by any number of vendors, into a functioning computer network (Stamper 28).
The ISO 9001 derives from the quality management standards established for military and nuclear power fields. The publication of ISO 9001 provide a general applicable guideline to standardize a wide range of industrial areas, regardless of the type of product. Two typical industry fields will be selected to discuss how the implementation of ISO 9001 in their QMS.
This memorandum will attempt to explain the Open Systems Interconnection Model, known more simply as the OSI Model. The OSI Model has seven levels, and these levels will be discussed in detail. Particular mention will be made to which level TCP/IP functions with the OSI Model.
...number of observations are in order. First, the ISO Development Environment (ISODE) was developed in 1990 to provide an approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI applications to operate over TCP/IP. During this same period, the Internet and OSI communities started to work together to bring about the best of both worlds as many TCP and IP features started to migrate into OSI protocols, particularly the OSI Transport Protocol class 4 (TP4) and the Connectionless Network Layer Protocol (CLNP), respectively. Finally, a report from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1994 suggested that GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement. [NOTE: Some industry observers have pointed out that OSI represents the ultimate example of a sliding window; OSI protocols have been "two years away" since about 1986.]
Towards the end of the 18th century the French government set out to amend and alleviate this problem and replace the chaotic collection of units then in use. The goal of this effort was to produce a universal system of measurement that did not rely on a collection of distinct standards, and to use the decimal system rather than fractions. In 1790, the French general assembly gathered with the academy of science to devise such a system; the system devised is known as the metric system By 1960, the metric system was officially named Système International d'Unités (SI) and currently is used in almost every country in the world except the United States of America.
In 2015 last versions of standards ISO 9000 “Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary” (ISO 2015a) and ISO 9001 “Quality
International Organization For Standardization (ISO) was established in 1947 which involves 157 countries in order to coordinate and unify various industrial standards. Prior to the establishment of the ISO, there are 2 main independent organization that had similar objectives as the ISO, that are National Standardizing Association (ISA) and also United Nation Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC). ISA and UNSCC are both established in 1926 and 1944 respectively. Unfortunately, both were not achieved worldwide acceptance. ISO is not product standard but a Quality System Standard. ISO was then formed and adopted majority of the rules and procedures from ISA. ISO has published a lot of international standards in many fields and sectors including in mechanical engineering. One of the examples of ISO that involved in mechanical engineering is ISO 9000 Quality System Series Standards. ISO 9000 is a set of international standard for quality management systems and quality assurance which is critical to international business. It require firms to document their quality control system at every step from the incoming raw materials, product design in-process monitoring and so on, so, that they’ll be able to identify those areas that are causing quality problems and correct them. ISO 9000 is an international standard for quality management systems. The origin of ISO 9000 is started with the 1959 United States Department of Defence MIL-Q-9858 quality management program which then in 1968 this program was adopted by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), then, followed by British Standard Institute (BSI) in 1979. ISO was later on created ISO 9000 standards in 1987. In 1994, new versions of the ISO 9000 standards were issued. It...
. ISO 14001 is a management standard, it is not a performance or product standard. The underlying purpose of ISO 14001 is that companies will improve their environmental performance by implementing ISO 14001, but there are no standards for performance or the level of improvement. It is a process for managing company activities that impact the environment.
This paper aims to look at the benefits and challenges to integration of the individual disciplines; particularly ISO 14001 and OSHAS 18001 and the way they can effectively be built into the business strategy.
The accreditation of laboratories based on ISO standards is a step further then quality assurance and quality control which greatly facilitates the work of a medical scientist. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), founded in 1947, is a worldwide federation of national standards body which publishes its guidelines as International Standards (Iso.org, 2017). Accreditation is a procedure by which an accreditation body gives formal acknowledgement that a laboratory is competent to carry out specific tasks. It is a voluntary process undertaken by a laboratory which includes an extensive array of quality tasks beyond quality assurance and quality control (Rai et al., 2017). The ISO 15189 quality standard contains requirements for quality and competency in medical laboratories. Accreditation of a medical laboratory requires the Implementation of a quality management system that complies with all of the requirements included in the ISO 15189 standard. ISO 15189 was created by the International Standards Organizations Technical Committee and has been implemented in over 200 countries worldwide. Accreditation based on ISO 15189 encourages a strong level of consistency in compliance to medical laboratory laws and legislation both from an international and national perspective. Accreditation also promotes laboratory
ErrealMedia (2010) Network standards OSI Reference Model; History of OSI Model; OSI Layers in Action http://www.erealmedia.com/cms125/