For the purpose of this particular class assignment and with funding not being an issue, this paper will seek to create a treatment/prevention program for those who have been affected by the effects of substance abuse/addiction. Additionally, it will seek to describe a comprehensive model for treating this population. The mission would be to eliminate the devastating impact of substance abuse on those affected: chemically dependent individuals, those with a history of substance abuse/misuse, families/children and communities. The goal is to achieve and sustain abstinence for those addicted to alcohol and other substances in order for them to develop a recovering lifestyle. Finally, this paper will attempt to incorporate theoretical models and seek to identify appropriate intervention based on strategies and modalities Definition of Substance dependence/Abuse: Substance dependence, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), refers to “a cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems while substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to “a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances”. Drug addiction is seen as a complex disorder that can involve practically every aspect of an individual’s functioning as it relates to the family, work/school and the community. According to the DSM-IV-TR, the clinical criteria for substance dependency (addiction)/abuse include compulsive drug use despite har... ... middle of paper ... ...nvironmental risk. There is extensive research on the cognitive impairments associated with chronic, heavy According to Locke & Newcomb (2004), Works Cited Abadinsky, H. (2011). Drug use and abuse: A comprehensive introduction, 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson/Wadsworth. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Chasnoff, I. J. (1988). Newborn infants with drug withdrawal symptoms. Pediatrics in Review, 9, 273-277. Handler, A., Kristin, N., Davis, F., & Ferre, C. (1991). Cocaine use during pregnancy: Perinatal outcome. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 818-825. Jaffe, J. H. (1975). Drug addiction and drug abuse. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (pp. 284-324), MacMillan, New York.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
George F. Koob defines addiction as a compulsion to take a drug without control over the intake and a chronic relapse disorder (1). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association defined "substance dependence" as a syndrome basically equivalent to addiction, and the diagnostic criteria used to describe the symptoms of substance dependence to a large extent define compulsion and loss of control of drug intake (1). Considering drug addiction as a disorder implies that there are some biological factors as well as social factors.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a group of problems a newborn experiences when exposed to addictive drugs that the mother consumes during pregnancy. NAS is a growing concern in the United States and can have significant adverse effects on newborns. Shortly after birth, the infant can display many physical symptoms of withdrawal. In addition, substance abuse during pregnancy can cause premature birth, low birth weight, seizures, birth defects, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and possible long-term cognitive and behavioral problems. The 2010 results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings reported incidence of substance abuse among pregnant women within the United States....
There are various factors that influence addiction. These factors were broadly categorized into environmental and biological factors. Biological is mainly based on someone’s genetic makeup. Life experiences are considered to be environmental. When we consider these two categories, we find that there are some causes that fall in neither category. There was need for a better way to classify addictions. In 1977, George L. Engel, a psychiatrist at the University of Rochester come up with the Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction (Fisher 2009). According to them, addiction may be due to biological, social or psychological effects. We categorize addiction into these three groups so that we are able to clearly understand the addictions properly.
The topic of interest I chose to write my article review on was babies born with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Drugs are extremely impacting our society in negative ways. Women who are addicted to drugs do not make the best decisions. One of the worst decisions they make is to have unprotected sex and get pregnant while still using. When babies are born addicted because their mothers used during the pregnancy they will have what is known as neonatal abstinence syndrome. In 2012, every 25 minutes a baby was born with NAS. In total that year there was 21,732 babies born addicted. These babies didn't even have the choice, they were born addicts. This will effect them negatively for the rest of their lives, and more than likely cause them to be an addict themselves. A child's mental health is so important during their younger months, and being
Brent Q. Hafen ed, Drug Abuse: Psychology, Sociology, Pharmacology. (Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1973).
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
(2011), women make up 6.9 percent of drug addicts. It’s unclear however why some hospitals test mothers for drugs prior to their delivery while some test all mothers regardless of their appearance and behavior; depending on the neighborhood a woman receives care in, she may not get tested at all. Engaging in drug use while pregnant affects both the mother and her unborn child. There are many risks to drug use while pregnant which can range from miscarriage of the child to death to either or both the mother and child. Neonatal morbidity was 88 percent for newborns from drug addicted mothers and 34 percent for the ones from investigated pregnancies (Broscauncianu, Stoicescu, Banceanu, & Cabat, 2014). Any drug use, whether it is alcohol, marijuana, opiates, or heroin can make a pregnancy high risk and can increase the risk of the child being born prematurely, having low birth weight, having cognitive or developmental delays, or suffer from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) during their first year of life. SIDS or crib death is the sudden death of an infant usually without reason or cause. It’s been known to transpire while the infant is sleep, and can appear to be a healthy baby less than a year old. The cause of SIDS is said to be unknown however various risks factors have been associated with or correlated with an infant dying from SIDS. Alcohol and drug abuse while pregnant has been widely accredited to cause an infant to transpire from SIDS.
At any given time there is at least one drug addicted baby is born at NICU "It’s actually pretty horrifying and more and more out of control at the same time"( Brochu). Drug abuse while pregnant shouldn't be permitted. It hurts lots of babies. Mothers doing drugs while pregnant hurts much more than just her. Drug abuse while pregnant is wrong, it can seriously bring harm to the baby; when baby addicts are born there first couple days are pure agony, the baby can grow up with mental and health illness, it is also a cause of death for mom and baby.
Drug abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drugs can be abused in a variety of different ways by people from every walk of life. Most of us have been affected by drug abuse either directly or indirectly. Drug abusers harm themselves, as well as their families and communities. Drug abuse takes an enormous toll on our society at many levels. The cost of drug abuse on our society is astronomical, not only financially but also personally, emotionally, socially and professionally.
Addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug and substance use. Despite its harmful consequences to the human body, addicts continue to seek for more drugs to keep their systems active. Millions of people abuse drugs and substances in the world today. As a result of substance abuse, addicts can easily lose control of their actions. Addiction is a long-lasting brain illness that disrupts the normal body functioning. It holds the brain hostage.
Chambers, C. D., Polifka, J. E., & Friedman, J. M. (2008). Drug safety in pregnant women and their babies: ignorance not bliss. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 83(1), 181-183.
First of all, when a child-bearing woman is using drugs, the substances are being transferred to the foetus through the umbilical cord (Bashmore, Ketchum, Staisch, Barrett, & Zimmermann, 1981). As a consequence, the foetus experiences the same physical symptoms as its mother, such as blood intoxication and spasms (Bashmore et al, 1981; Kreek, Nielsen, Butelmann, & LaForge, 2005). Substance abuse during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, heart defects and low birth weight (Bashmore et al., 1981), as well as behavioral problems and addiction proneness for the offspring (Bashmore et al., 1981; Jêdrzejczak, 2005). More specifically, substance abuse during pregnancy can elicit a series of chemical reactions in the developing brain of the foetus (Kreek et al., 2005). As a result, in the future life of the offspring, an environmental or a psychological stimulus may be enough to lead to substance abuse (Kreek et al., 2005).
The concept of addiction, originated in the field of substance abuse, particularly the abuse of alcohol, and cocaine (Courtwright, 1982; Dickson, Derevenksy & Gupta, 2002; Musto, 1973). Researchers have been working in this area for well over a century (e.g., Crothers, 1893) and have produced a substantial body of theoretical models and empirical data (Rosenthal, 1992; Taber et al., 1987). Substance addictions are usually thought of as a perceived loss of control (Room, 2003, pp. 225 & 228), caused either by qualities of the addictive substance itself, or by some psychological desire or craving the substance inspires or takes advantage of.
The use of drugs is a controversial topic in society today. In general, addicts show a direct link between taking drugs and suffering from their effects. People abuse drugs for a wide variety of reasons. In most cases, the use of drugs will serve a type of purpose or will give some kind of reward. These reasons for use will differ with different kinds of drugs. Various reasons for using the substance can be pain relief, depression, anxiety and weariness, acceptance into a peer group, religion, and much more. Although reasons for using may vary for each individual, it is known by all that consequences of the abuse do exist. It is only further down the line when the effects of using can be seen.