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Malaria as a friend or foe
Literature review of malaria
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STUDIES PERTAINING TO THE CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MALARIA
Malaria is a complex condition exhibiting different manifestations in different parts of the world depending on a few variables (Bin Mohanna et al. 2007). It was found that anemia and splenomegaly are significantly associated with malaria among asymptomatic schoolchildren in Hajr valley, Hadramout (Bin Mohanna et al. 2007). Agina and Abd-Allah (1999) conducted a case control study for the association of nitric oxide levels to the severity and outcomes of cerebral malaria in Yemeni in-patients. The main clinical presentations in cerebral malaria patients were fever (76.4%), pallor (72.0%), hypoglycemia (67.4%), splenomegaly (60.5%), deep coma (39.5%), jaundice (18.6%), pulmonary oedema (13.9%), subconjunctival hemorrhage (13.9%), severe anemia (53.5%), and hemoglobinuria (6.9%) while in non-cerebral malaria patients the clinical presentations were fever (83.8%), pallor (67.7%), splenomegaly (66.0%), jaundice (9.7%), severe anemia (51.6%) and hypoglycemia (3.2%) . The serum level of nitric oxide was found to be higher in patients with cerebral malaria than those without. In cerebral malaria, nitric oxide levels were highly elevated in patients with deeper coma and longer duration of coma as well as those who died of cerebral malaria indicating its association with indices of disease severity and outcome in patients with cerebral malaria (Agina and Abd-Allah, 1999).
Sheiban et al. (1998) studied severe acute renal failure secondary to falciparum malaria among children receiving antimalarial therapy and other supportive therapy as well as peritoneal dialysis referred to the renal unit at Al-Thawra Hospital in Sana’a. In this study, it was concluded that significant differences were found between children who died (43.8%) compared to those who survived regarding age, plasma creatinine, plasma bilirubin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin concentration, urine output, and time from diagnosis to referral. However, gender, alanine aminotransferase level, degree of fever, plasma sodium or potassium levels were not found to be statistically different between these two groups (Sheiban et al. 1998). The author found that previous immunity, as indicated by presence of splenomegaly, was associated with better prognosis both in terms of lower mortality and less hemodynamic disturbance which was evident in the older children owing to previous exposure to malarial infection, and therefore development of immunity (Sheiban et al. 1998). It is important to note that malaria was reported to be the cause of 5.9% of chronic renal failure in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis in Hadramout governorate (Badheeb 1998). Recently, Al Rohani et al. (2011) reported that malaria is the most common infectious disease causing acute renal failure (ARF) in Yemeni patients.
Malaria survives on healthy red-blood cells and carriers do not have a lot of healthy red-blood cells. Similarly to how those with hemochromatosis starved the bubonic plague of iron, sickle cell anemia carriers starve malaria of red-blood cells. The proactive effect of malaria only works on those who have one copy of sickle cell anemia and not the actual illness. If one has sickle cell anemia, one is more likely to get malaria. Nonetheless, malaria is such a vicious disease that anything that can aid in the fight against it and towards survival and reproduction is helpful.
In the continent Africa, about 1 in 100 individuals develops this disease. We ask ourselves why is the frequency of a potentially fatal disease so much higher in Africa? The answer is related to another deadly disease, which is called malaria. Chills, fever, vomiting, and severe headaches characterize malaria (GENETICS Sickle Cell Case Study. (n.d.). 2000, October 19). Malaria is caused by a disgusting parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted to humans by mosquitos. When the malaria parasites invade the bloodstream, the red blood cells that contain defective hemoglobin get sickle cell out and die (Facts About Sickle Cell Disease. 2014, January 16). This helps protect the individual with Sickle Cell Anemia from an infection of malaria. As you can see, this is why a variety of areas in the world has a high rate of malaria, such as
The link between malaria and its causes has not been clearly defined, yet can largely be inferred based on the information in the colonial reports. Most colonial sources claim that rainfall is solely responsible for and directly correlated to the intensity of a Malaria outbreak in any given year. However, it becomes clear even throug...
Onwujekwe , Chima, and Okonkwo (2000) showed that the average expenditure of each household per month on malaria treatment was $1.84, which accounted for 49.87% of curative health care costs incurred by the households. In a similar study, Russell (2004) found that direct malaria cost burden was 2.9% of household income per month. Studies in Africa also showed that indirect cost based on travel time, lost labour time for adults with malaria attack or those who have to stay off work to care for children among others, make up more than 75% of total household malaria costs. Malaria tends to reduce education funds capability and has effects on school attendance (Malaney, Spielman, & Sachs,
Plasmodium Falciparum is the causative parasite of malignant malaria, it is the most deadly strain of the malaria viruses. P. Falciparum is a eukaryotic protozoan parasite that is spread through vector transmission using mosquitoes. The Anopheles mosquito family accounts for the majority of transmission because of their tendency to target humans (WHO, 2014). Malaria accounts for approximately five hundred thousand deaths each year in environments such as sub-Saharan Africa and other temperate areas where the life cycle of the mosquito is longer allowing the parasite to develop properly (WHO, 2014). Malaria usually infects children in these areas but also commonly spreads to travellers to these areas.
There are a number of symptoms associated with quick detection of malaria they are, being irritable, troubled sleep, poor appetite and drowsiness. Soon after people infected usua...
Two days later, when we met up with Dr. Smith again, he was a different man. He was not the cheery man that we had met two days ago; instead he was in a frantic situation. He told us that his patients were not responding to the typical drugs used to fight malaria, and to make things worse they had developed "nausea, vomiting, chest pain[s], a sore throat, [and] abdominal pain." (CDC Marburg Fact Sheet) In addition some of the patients had developed a rash on their torso.
Using cultural re-patterning by nurses is very important in order to works with a patient by helping him/her to change his/her cultural practices that are harmful. For example, a patient comes from a culture that values the use of herbs, a nurse needs to negotiate abstinence from particular herbs that can cause adverse effects. In some places in Nigeria, especially the rural area, people believe that the symptom of high fever and chills (often referred to as malaria) is triggered and caused by staying under the sun and too much oil in one 's body. Instead of seeking orthodox medicine, they believe in restrain the individual from going in the sun and also from taking much oil in order to attain cure. They also value and rely on the effectiveness of herbs such as “dogoyaro” in the treatment of malaria. These practices in one way or the other keeps the morbidity and mortality of malaria very high in Nigeria. Evidence-based practices have shown the risks and adverse effects of the herbal usage to the health
Malaria is a common disease in a hot tropical area and it affects about 300 million people worldwide. There are four types of parasites that cause malaria in humans. Among the types of species Plasmodium falciparum is most common in Africa region and it can cause deadly form of disease. The Plasmodium vivax which is the second type of species is not life-threatening form of malaria. Plasmodium ovale also causes malaria. The system malaria affect most is the immune system. Malaria undergoes a complex life cycle, which involves two separate asexual reproductive stages in the vertebrate host which include humans and sexual reproduction as well as multiplication in the insect vector of all human.
Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks and thought to be caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, but scientists have discovered another bacterium, Borrelia mayonii is also causing this disease and the symptoms are far worse than its predecessor. Borrelia Mayonii is carried by the black-legged deer tick, according to the Daily Cardinal.
Lyme disease is a bacterial disease caused by a spirochete, a corkscrew shaped bacterium, called Borrelia burgdorferi. It is spread by deer ticks in the eastern part of the United States and black legged ticks on the West. Many people think that it is only on the east coast but it can be found all over the Unites States and in sixty other countries throughout the world and on every continent except Antarctica. The estimated amount of people diagnosed with Lyme disease each year in the United States is around three hundred thousand, but there has only been twenty three cases were people that have died from it. The blood test for Lyme disease can come back negative for a patient even when the person has it which makes them unreliable to help
A 17-year old patient came into the emergency room with a severe headache, vomiting, and a stiff neck with pain running up his back. During the physical examination, the patient vital signs revealed a temperature of 101F and he seemed to have a hard time concentrating regarding the questions being asked by the attending nurse; also I noticed the patient had several areas of small purplish spots on the skin of his back, thigh, and arm. The young man thought those were from wrestling due to the fact that he is a wrestler at his local high school. In addition, the young man stated that he felt as if he was getting a cold the past few days. The patient does not smoke or drink and had attended a party two days earlier. At a glance, reading my case study, my first thought was that my
Why is it not possible nowadays to diagnose malaria with a set of signs and symptoms?The patient has been coughing for the last two weeks, lost 5 kilograms in weight, and whenever he coughs, very thick sputum in produced. Furthermore, the patient has been having chest pains, fever, sweating especially at night and loss of appetite (Harries, Maher, & Graham, 2004, p. 50). The sputum that is produced on coughing is not thick and is yellow in color (Warrell, Cox, & Firth, 2005, p. 560).
Malaria is one of the most dangerous diseases rooming this planet. The disease—carried by mosquitoes infected by a parasite—affects half the world's population (3.3 billion people) who live in sectors at risk of the transmission. In Africa, Malaria comes in 2nd as one of the leading causes of death, right after HIV and AIDS. In the United States, there are on average 1500 cases reported each year since The National Malaria Eradication program successfully eradicated malaria in the country, in the 1950's. As any provider of knowledge, the media plays a crucial role in society by spreading awareness, evaluating the facts and presenting those facts as accurately and detailed as possible. The following paper will evaluate and critique recent coverage on the malaria to determine how successful and unsuccessful reporters cover the epidemic.
Malaria, a serious sometimes fatal disease is caused by a parasite that infects a type of mosquito into the blood that feeds on humans. Malaria being one of the most severe public health problems worldwide, it is known to be one of the main causes of diseases and deaths in many developing countries. Malaria is a public health problem in more than 90 countries, inhibited by a total of 2,400 million plus people in some countries- estimating about 40% of the world’s population. In the malaria epidemic parts of the world, change in the risk of malaria can be the unintended results of economic activity or agricultural policy that changes the use of land; for example, the building of damn’s, irrigations schemes and even deforestation ("Malaria -