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To investigate the stroop effect
Stroop effect 1935
Emotional response theory
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General Discussion
The first study that was conducted by Becker at al. (2001) is based on the hypothesis of general emotionality and schema congruency. The result supported was stated that patients with general anxiety disorder have general attentional bias while patients with social phobia have selective attentional bias, also known as schema congruency. The second study that was conducted by Eschenbeck at al. (2004) is based on the theory about processing bias. According to the result of the experiment, high anxious children have more Stroop interference and higher error rates during the threatening stimuli compared to other groups in the experiment. The final study that has a strong connection with my study compared to other studies, it was conducted by Gilboa-Schechtman at al. (2000). Their study is based on the hypothesis about emotionality, mood congruence, and concern relevance. The result of the study indicated that higher interference in mood congruence and concern relevance stimuli. There weren’t any noticeable interference in the emotionality stimuli. So therefore, the result only supported two of three hypotheses. The mood induction procedures do affect the participants’ Stroop task. Overall, putting all of those studies together and supporting the main theory, which is that people with general anxiety would have higher Stroop interference and error rates compared to those with medium and low anxiety.
In my study, my partners and I did similar method from previous study. The big idea of the study is find the effects of emotion state of the participants by doing the mood induction and time their reaction time on a Stroop task. However, the result was different. We did two mood induction procedures on college student: Anxiety and Relaxation. There are ten participants involve in the experiment and we had them to relive their anxiety experience that can induce their anxiety emotion and then did the Stroop task. Once they’re done, they did the second condition, which is to relive their relaxation experience that would induce their relaxation emotion and did the Stroop task again that’s the same as first part. After completing the study, my partners and I collected the data and turn out that the result was different from what we assumed. The relaxation mood induction has higher Stroop interference than anxiety mood induction. We believe that it was due to having bias in the experiment such as American Sign Language translation, color blind, misunderstanding the meaning of anxiety, and reading level within the deaf participants.
Although correlation does not equal causation, we can conclude that similar cognitive processes, such as interference and automaticity, have influenced the results in our experiment. This can be expressed by the data and in identifying and saying aloud/reading a simple number compared to quantifying simple numbers. The cognitive load of reading familiar or smaller words is lower than that of counting, thus creating perchance a longer reaction time. In the experiment conducted in class as well as the one conducted by Stroop, the issue of divided attention may have been a great factor in interference or prolonged reaction time in the conditions. Psychological refractory period which states that the response to a second stimulus is slowed down by the first stimulus being processed; this can be a cause for the finding of increased reaction time when conflicting information is given. Attention may unconsciously be given to the less complex task, which is reading/identifying, and counting the main and more complex task may be interfered by the simpler stimulus. The expectation of having a longer reaction time when conducting the incongruent task was referenced back to the Stroop effect due to the similar implications of identifying and saying aloud the color presented in the print of the color descriptive word (Stroop,
In the case of the correctness of the responses, the variance in control group data is lesser and insignificant. For congruent group and incongruent group the variance is above the accepted criteria indicating the influence of variables on the Stroop effect. Another observation that is in line with the earlier experiments is; the lower percentage of correctness and higher latency for the incongruent group. The experimental findings on Stroop tests are likely to be recurrent (van Maanen L, van Rijn H &...
In a multipart experiment, Hafenbrack et al. (2014) devoted Study 1 to establishing a positive correlation between mindfulness meditation and resisting suck cost bias. However, the popular press article is centered around studies 2, 3, and 4 of the experiment, all of which make causal claims (Bergland, 2014). In his article, Bergland (2014) correctly indentifies the testing of causal hypotheses by Hafenbrack et al. (2014); however, he fails to mention that the first of the four studies makes an association claim and incorrectly categorizes it as a causal claim. While this inaccuracy does not ...
...n fear and arousal (Schmahl, Berne, Krause, Kleindienst, Valerius, Vermetten &ump; Bohus, 2009). The work of dampening this arousal is carried out by the pre-frontal region of the brain. Brain imaging has revealed that personal differences in the capacity to activate areas of the prefrontal cerebral cortex, which is believed to activate inhibitory responses, predict the capacity to repress negative feelings (Williams Sidis, Gordon &ump; Meares, 2006). Acetylcholine and norepinephrine in addition to serotonin are the main neurotransmitters in the circuit involved in the regulation of emotions. Imbalance of these neurotransmitters in conjunction with increased GABA activity is believed to have the capacity to result in intense mood swings similar to those of borderline personality disorder (Schmahl, Berne, Krause, Kleindienst, Valerius, Vermetten &ump; Bohus, 2009).
Fellow psychologists pointed out whether the welfare of the participants was thought of in the experiment (Brace and Byford). Levels of stress endured by the participants were viewed by some to be excessive and the experiment shoulder been stopped. In the cause of Hofling, such anxiety was not reported. However, both cases used some form of deception towards the participants which would be questioned extensively today. In addition, the right for the participant to stop the experiment by Milgram was not exercised because of prompts to continue the experiment. Some argue the both Milgram and Hofling studies could have caused psychological harm. Both studies of obedience by Milgram and Hofling have had similar critique regarding the ethics of the trials. Psychologists of today would have viewed theses studies as unethical and indeed, would have questioned its validity. (Brace and
Anxiety disorders are very common and the causes vary. Symptoms of anxiety disorders can be disabling for some but in most cases people who suffer with it can still carry on social relationships and job functions. There are medical outlets a patient can seek to help cope and treat anxiety through biological treatment and psychotherapy. The authors of “Anxiety Reactivity and Anxiety Perseveration Represent Dissociable Dimensions of Trait Anxiety” focused on anxiety vulnerability by testing and measuring reactivity and preservation in regard to anxiety. (Rudaizky, page, MacLeod 2012).
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory 1993 Edition. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
The anxiety, panic attacks or phobic avoidance associated with the specific object or situation are not better accounted for by another mental disorder…
The topic of this essay will be to review the evidence that attentional bias causes anxiety. “There is widespread evidence of an attentional bias towards threat material in clinical anxiety” (MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; Mogg, Mathews & Eysenck, 1992). Certain treatments have been created for anxiety disorders that have been shown to reduce cognitive biases such as attentional bias, Fox et al (2005). This indicates that attentional bias is present within anxiety disorders. Stroop tasks have further developed research on attentional bias within anxiety as shown by Macleod (1991) and Macleod and Mathews (2002). Participants with anxiety disorders produce slower reaction times towards threat stimuli than the controls, indicating that attentional bias for threat related stimuli exists and has a greater effect on anxious individuals.
According to the US National Comorbidity Survey, Social Anxiety was classified as the third most common mental disorder. About 19.2 million people are victims from the disorder in which can take place at any given time. Unfortunately, people who have Social anxiety are being diagnosed with many other disorders due the actual cause being unsure. Research suggests that it can be caused by inheritance or the nervous system. Medications that are prescribed to treat the anxiety effects many parts of the nervous system which leads to the calming signals sent to the brain....
The first method to be discussed and analysed are experimental methods. There is a variety of experimental methods including; laboratory, field and natural experiments. These methods are the most scientific method due to them being highly objective and systematic. In addition, this method is regarded as the most powerful research method used in psychology because of the potential to investigate the causes of events and therefore, identifying the cause and effect relationship. When carrying out an experiment the researcher intervenes directly in the situation being investigated. The researcher manipulates an independent variable (IV) in order to investigate whether there is a change in the dependent variable (DV). Any other variables that could have an
The design for this study will be a simple between subject experiment consisting of one experimental group and one control group. The independent variable will be warm colors. The dependent variable will be mood. The main goal is to determine if the independent variable will influence or cause difference in the specified dependent variable. The experiment group will spend 60 minutes in a warm paint color room and their mood will be measured. The control group will spend 60 minutes in a neutral paint color room and their mood will be measured.
An important part of an experiment is random assignment. If the participants for the study are randomly assigned to create two groups, and the researcher has enough participants in the study to have the desired “probabilistic equivalence” (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008, p. 187) then the researcher will feel a sense of confidence that the study will have internal validity in order to assess whether or not the treatment caused the outcome hypothesized. Well-c...
There are numerous distinctive discernments about individuals with social anxiety. Individuals who do have it are frequently seen by others as simply being timid, remote, compelled, hostile, uneasy, quiet, aloof, or restrained. The individuals who are tormented with social anxiety may be obfuscated by these recognitions also, so they may neglect to look for medication. Since the issue is for the most part inconceivable, they may imagine that they are the main ones who experience the ill...
Emotions and feelings are some of the driving forces in our lives and essentially control our reactions, ideas, and choices. Emotions allow us to form connections with others, make decisions about the world around us, and provide us with the motivation to accomplish various tasks. However, emotions generally come with a lot of confusion and variability due to how differently people utilize and deal with them. One common emotion I feel that all people deal with, and handle differently is anxiety. Anxiety can be an extreme motivator, or the complete opposite, depending on how a person reacts to the feeling. Overall, anxiety is a complex emotion that, in extremes, can disrupt a person’s daily life, or more commonly, make a person feel upset