1. Introduction
The scaling is a technique for propagation of Lilium (Gray, 1974; Marinangeli and Curvetto, 1997; Marinangeli et al., 2003). The mother bulbs are scaled and stored in a favorable substrate. Scale bulblets develop on the sides of the individual mother scale (Gray, 1974). This method was studied and reported earlier (Matsuo, 1972; Matsuo and Van Tuyl, 1984; Matsuo et al., 1989; Cabrera, 2002). Addai (2010) found the sucrose as an essential and major carbohydrate in Lilium bulb, because breaking and metabolism of this sugar are important to facilitate the growth of storage organ, inflorescence and others. However, Addai (2010) noticed that starch is a major carbohydrate and as an energy source for bulbous plants such as lily before vernalization. After vernalization, starch breaks to sucrose and reducing sugars (Xu et al., 2006), this phenomenon referred to low temperature sweetening, and has been reported in Lilium, Hyacinthus and Tulipa as well (Miller and Langhans, 1990). Sucrose is a soluble carbohydrate, which is essential for growth of plants, and is as first transfer carbohydrate in more plants. The accumulation of sucrose in scale tissue of bulb can cause sprouting and growing plant (Xu et al., 2006). After translocation of starch from chloroplast and amyloplast to cytosol, UDP-glucose is a start-point of sucrose synthesis. Thus, glucose is a molecule key in synthesizing sucrose, and also glucose is a photosynthesis product its own, and with other photosynthetic product, fructose, produce a sucrose. Addai (2010) described that metabolism of sucrose, glucose and starch supply necessary energy to sprout and the emergence of shoot and roots, also he noticed that fructose accumulate in scales and has a role in spr...
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...ter lily bulbs. HortScience 25(4): 463-465.
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Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
The majority of life on Earth depends on photosynthesis for food and oxygen. Photosynthesis is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen using the sun’s light energy (Campbell, 1996). This process consists of two parts the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Campbell, 1996). During the light reactions is when the sun’s energy is converted into ATP and NADPH, which is chemical energy (Campbell, 1996). This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plants cell. Within the chloroplasts are multiple photosynthetic pigments that absorb light from the sun (Campbell, 1996).
The “Fast Plant” experiment is an observation of a plants growth over the span of twenty-eight days. The objective is to observe how plants grow and use their resources throughout the span of their life. In our lab we observed the Brassica rapa, a herbaceous plant in the mustard family which has a short cycle which makes it a perfect plant to observe in this experiment. Like other plants the Brassica rapa must use the resources in the environment to create energy to complete itʻs life cycle and reproduce. By observing the plant it is easy to see in what organ or function the plant is using itʻs energy and resources and if overtime the resources switch to other part of the plants. By conducting this experiment we are able to observe where and how plants allocate their resources throughout their life by harvesting plants at different points in their life.
The other byproduct is glucose. The glucose made in this process doesn’t benefit humans. It’s actually benefiting the plant. Glucose is the simplest form of sugar. It gets converted into energy after it is produced by the chloroplasts. The glucose doesn’t stay around long. It gets changed into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). It’s a form of energy (R. Nave, Nov 29 2013). ATP is made in an organelle called mitochondria. Mitochondria are basically the powerhouse of the cell. So once the ATP is made it is sent all over the cell. Then the cells are producing the energy to grow and live.
It was found in many previous studies that high temperature greatly reduces the activity of catalase in plant tissue (Eyster, H. Clyde, 1950). In this experiment, the tissue was boiled at 100°C, almost double the critical temperature which has been found to be 55°C.
Future research should test a wider ranger of temperatures. In addition to pinpointing an ideal growing temperature, exploring the effect of higher and lower temperatures could test the tentative conclusions from this experiment that membranes are less affected by warmer environments than by cold environments and potentially identify a temperature threshold at which membranes begin to drastically lose their integrity. Repetitions of this experiment should include more trials to increase accuracy and more consistent treatments. Instead of leaving the beet discs in a -5℃ environment for months and the other discs in their environments for two minutes, the beet discs should all be placed in the different temperatures until all of their internal temperatures match that of their
Aim of the research: The aim of this investigation is to determine what kind of effect will the increasing temperature have on the plasma membrane of a beetroot cell.
Janick. J. (2011). Center for New Crops & Plant Products - Department of Horticulture and
In this lab, cellular respiration in germinating and dry peas at two different temperatures were explored. During cellular respiration, sugar and oxygen are taken in and broken down to create ATP, heat energy, and water. Aerobic respiration consists of three main stages: Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA formation, the Krebs cycle, and
The cultures were maintained at 25±20C under 16 hr illumination of 4000 lux intensity. The results are presented in Table 1, it can be seen from the data that pH of the medium had significant effect not only on regeneration frequency but also on number of shoots developed in each culture. Maximum 62.5±4.7 percent cultures in CoS 98259 and 67.3±4.9 percent in CoS 767 developed shoots at pH 6.0 while regeneration frequency was the lowest at pH 5.6. An increase in pH form 6.0 to 6.2 and 6.4 reduced the frequency of shoot regeneration from the callus (Table
Despite of general properties of enzymes, the properties also varies from where it comes from and how it been produced. For instance, the enzymatic saccharification method in lignocellulosic bioethanol is generated by hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicelluloses. This method gets high attention because of its higher theoretical yield compared to other methods (Taneda et al., 2012). Acremonium cellulolyticus with high activities of cellulase, amylase and pectinase enzymes allow it for the easy separation of solids/liquids in potato pulp, resulting in high saccharification efficiency and a high recovery rate of products (Gao et al., 2014). On the other hand, Enzyme-modified carboxymethyl starch (ECMS) is beneficial in enhancing water holding capacity, emulsion stability and improving sensory characteristics of sausages with a declined fat content (Luo and Xu, 2011). Lipases and phospholipases of dormant cotton seeds have stability in heat, various media and nature of the hydrolysis of the lipids properties (Rakhi...
Starch consist of mainly two parts, which are amylose and amylopectin. Amylose in starch is the main cause for the formation of a deep blue color in the presence of iodine as the iodine molecule will slips inside of the amylose coil. Iodide molecules is dissolving in water with potassium iodide because iodide is not so soluble in water. This makes a linear triiodide ion complex with is soluble that slips into the coil of the starch causing an intense blue-black colour. In this test, blue-black colour is shown and this indicates the presence of starch. Starch amylopectin does not give the blue-black colour, nor does cellulose, nor do disaccharides such as sucrose in sugar (Orhardt,
If I was to do this experiment again I might use a Fungi amylase to
Plant nutrition is area of plant biology that is of the utmost importance for the proliferation of plants. Without proper nutrition, plants would simply cease to exist unless drastic alterations were made. There are certain elements that are required for the plant to grow and reproduce; these elements are known as essential elements. There are three requirements of an essential element: the element must be required for the completion of the plant’s life cycle, the element must not be replaceable by another element in whole, and finally the element must be direction involved in the metabolism of the plant. Chemical compounds that are involved in proper nutrition have been designated as nutrients, and further classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are needed for growth, metabolism, and many other functions, but are designated as “macro” because they are required in larger amounts. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fat molecules. Micronutrients have a much wider function that depends on the exact micronutrient. Micronutrients are designated as so because they are needed in much smaller amounts when compared to macronutrients. Examples of micronutrients include vitamins and minerals.
Asexual propagation is the process through which reproduction without passage through the seed cycle occurs. The advantages of asexual propagation are that it preserves genetic makeup, propagates seedless plants, disease control, rapid production, the plants are identical, cheaper, faster and easier reducing or avoiding juvenility. The disadvantages of asexual propagation are that it increases disease and insect susceptibility, plants are bulky, and the mother plants could become contaminated. The goal of this experiment was to determine the development of adventitious roots and shoots, and observe these plants over a period of five weeks. Due to auxin being produced in the tip, tip cuttings should root faster than any other cuttings. Auxin is a plant hormone that is responsible for cell elongation and enlargement, root formation, and growth. There are two forms of auxins; phototropism, which is produced in the tip and moves downward on the side away from the light and gravitropism, which is where plant roots grow downward and plant shoots grow upward.(Plant Auxin 201...