Statistical Report on the Effects of Self-Efficacy on Depression

Introduction to self-efficacy

Self-efficacy has been studied extensively since Albert Bandura first published his theory in 1977. In social situations, individuals have varying perceptions of their ability to successfully interact with others.(Bandura 1977) In other words, their self-efficacy beliefs reflect their level of social confidence (Bandura, 1977). The possession of strong self-efficacy beliefs has been related to positive outcomes in academic achievement, career choice and also to reduce levels of depression (Bandura, 1977). Self-efficacy is defined as a person’s internal ability to successfully meet the challenges that one faces (Bandura 1977). Bandura (1986) stated that self-efficacy is not the actual ability to complete tasks but the person’s perception of their ability to complete that task. The implications of self-efficacy in the social domain have also been related to constructs such as social anxiety, shyness, and self-esteem (Smith & Betz, 2000).

Bandura’s theoretical model of perceived self-efficacy beliefs includes proposed sources of efficacy information in addition to postulated outcome variables, which include approach versus avoidance, persistence, and performance. This study will also examine self-efficacy as a person’s perception and not their actual abilities. Self-efficacy is also considered a resource as it helps in a person’s ability to cope and as their ability to cope increases so does their levels of self-efficacy (Bandura 1977). The perception of self-efficacy also is the perception of one’s control over their environment and this helps a person navigate life’s challenges in a positive manner (Bandura, 1997; Smith & Betz, 2002).

Practicality of Self-Efficacy

This confidence or self-efficacy is...

... middle of paper ...

...d Research, 11,(3), 289-299

McFarlane, A. H., Bellissimo, A., & Norman, G. R. (1995). The role of family and peers in social self-efficacy: Links to depression in adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 402-410

McWhirter, B. T. (1997). Loneliness, learned resourcefulness, and self-esteem in college students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 460-469. Matsushima, R. & Shiomi, K. (2003). Social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 323-332.

Smith, H. & Betz, N.E. (2000). Development and evaluation of a measure of social self-efficacy in college students. Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 282-302.

Wong, J.L., & Whitaker, D.J. (1993). Depressive mood states and their cognitive and personality correlates in college students: They improve over time. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 615-621.