Introduction: - In the present scenario, it is very hard to design a circuit using full custom methodology because of the increase in the complexity due to decrease in the feature size. So, most of companies are following the semi-custom approach to reduce the cost & time to market which are the most important parameters for any successful products. To follow the approach of semi-custom, designer need a characterized library of standard cells e.g. logic gates, data buses, sequential building blocks like F/F's etc. That's why, many companies & fabrication plants provide std. cell library with the data sheets containing information about timing, area & power parameters. Overview: - In this report, I will discuss the requirement of std. cells & basic flow for their characterization. The topics of discussion are given below: Basics Reasons for Characterization Characterization Flow Characterization Parameters Models Measurement & Verification Library Formats Summary Sources Basics: - The use of the standard cells can be summarized as given below: Logic units of similar geometry (same height) Implement basic logic (NAND, NOR, INV, FF, LATCH, complex gates) Usually come in libraries for a specific technology From the above points, we can conclude that std. cells provide repeatability during layout design which decreases the complexity & make layout formation easy. Also, std. cells are technology dependent so just by selecting library of one technology; we can build any design depending on available cells as shown below. Reasons for Characterization: - The reasons for the characterization are given below: - Extraction of functionality is complicated Functional/Delay simulation takes way too long Power extraction for a whole chip takes too long Automatic detection of timing constraints (e.g. Setup time) is difficult. Solution: To solve this problem, a simple model for delay, function, constraints and power on cell/gate level is used which provides different characteristics of the cell & thus called cell characterization. Characterization Flow: - The characterization flow for std. cell is a major issue. Many aspects of the characterization demand special attention. The major steps are given below: - Net list Extraction: In this, the layout for the cell to be characterized is made using any good layout editor for a specific technology & then verified for the technology rules violations & interconnections. After verifying the design, the parasitic extraction is done in which resistance; capacitance & other physical parasitic are being extracted from the design.
Digestion of the haemolytic and non-haemolytic cells allowed for easier identification of fragments during electrophoresis analysis. Lane 12 in figure 3 show the size markers of SPP1 digested with EcoR1 while lanes 6 and 7 show samples of pK184hlyA and pBluescript digested with EcoR1 and Pst1. Lane 4 was loaded with plasmid DNA from haemolytic cells digested with EcoR1 and Pst1 while lane 5 was loaded with EcoR1 and Pst1 digested DNA from non-haemolytic cells. There was a lack of technical success in both lanes due to no bands appearing in lane 4 and only a single band appearing in lane 5. Theoretically, two bands should appear in both lanes after successful to allow for fragment identification. A possible explanation for the single, large fragment in lane 5 is that successful digestion did not take place and the plasmid was only cut at one restriction site leaving a large linear fragment of plasmid DNA. The absence of bands in lane 4 could be because there was not enough plasmid loaded into the lane. Another possibility could be that low plasmid yield as obtained when eluting the experimental samples in order to purify it. Lanes 8 and 9 belonged to another group and show technical success as two bands were present in both the haemolytic (lane 8) and non-haemolytic (lane 9) lanes. If the
They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species.
I had been a part of the logistics group in this project and we had to really put our heads together to design and come up with several ideas to make all the computer designing related activities. Caffarella and Daffron (2013) models most prominent and useful component being the technology used to cut down time wastage and to make the pr...
By definition, a cell is life's basic unit. In practice, the cells share several mechanisms across different animals, plants, and microorganisms. Two fundamental differences exist between the architecture of cells for different classes of organisms (Jan, 2014). Lipids build and maintain both the plasma (the external bilayer) and the nuclear membrane within a cell. In addition, the thick filament of proteins (actin filaments and microtubes) confer rigidity to the cytoskeleton of the cell. Factors, such as physical forces acting on a cell as and the cell’s mechanical environment control gene regulation (the rate of production of proteins). In animals, the polymer filament gel (network) regulate the motility of cells. In fact, forces acting on the polymer gel tend to deform the cell membrane.
act of sexual means such as oral, anal, kissing and genital contact. One of the most commonly reported STD in the United States is Chlamydia. The number of this infection is gradually increasing worldwide and costing billions of dollars to health care systems. Today, there is not set type of screening practice or a vaccine available for this infection to decrease globally. Presently, the only treatment available to help ease with the problem, temporarily, is in the form of an antibiotic, which has failed to halt the increase. As a result of this quickly spreading disease, the need for a vaccination to reduce the rate of the spread is desperately needed.
Pathogens are a type of microorganism that spreads viral and bacterial diseases. These diseases when present in human blood and body fluids are known as blood borne pathogens, and can spread from one person to another. (Worcester polytechnic institute) The most serious types of blood borne diseases are the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can cause liver damage; and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The blood borne pathogens can be spread when the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and amniotic fluid) of an infected individual comes into contact with mucous membranes or an open sore or cut on the skin of another person. Mucus membranes are located in the eyes, nose, mouth, and other areas as well. ("Bloodborne pathogens: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia") Two of the most common ways that pathogens are transmitted is through the exchange of fluids during sexual intercourse or by sharing infected IV needles. (Worcester polytechnic institute)
Ghosh MK, Borca MV, Roy P. Virus-derived tubular structure displaying foreign sequences on the surface elicit CD4+ Th cell and protective humoral responses. Virology 2002; 302: 383-92.
“After the integrated circuits the only place to go was down—in size that it. Large scale integration (LS) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. By the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of thousands of components onto a chip. Ultra-Large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into millions. The ability to fit so much onto an area about half the size of ...
Every single program will be able to create a virtual diagram and outline of the concept being implemented on the printer. Then the program divides the concept into digital ...
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.
Major 3D printing companies like Stratasys have a great deal of success with their multiple lines of 3D printer, each catering to different sectors of consumer goods. Stratasys has three major line of 3D printer as follows: the Idea series, Design series and the Production series. The technology here is heralded as a designer’s dream tool as it brings ideas to life and the best thing is, these printers are available to everyone from individual designers to small groups.
The second way is by using computer aided drafting (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) programs on your computer.
...he organization. The output of the design group’s efforts is detailed drawing and other specifications, which assist the succeeding groups for effective usage of the raw materials into a finished product. This information is also important for the product
Architectural design today has moved from designing by hand to designing with several different software programs that have made the job much easier. Two of the main programs in many architectural firms today are AutoCAD2000 and ArchiCAD 6.5. Both are very productive design tools but each has its own defects in certain areas of the design process.