The goals of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reform were the ‘Four Modernizations’. This Four Modernization refers to the reform of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science technology. These reforms were to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus and to eliminate economic imbalances that were common in command economies.
Deng Xiaoping felt that the quickest way to build a better China was to improve living conditions immediately, to give people the level of morale they need for further development. At that time, he realized that China’s economic need to reform; he found very effective ways to reform the China’s economic. His goals were to open up the China’s market to the outside world, breaking down the collective farms, getting rid of state-run enterprises and providing more jobs for people in the industry. He found that the most important thing was the modernization of agriculture because 80% of the population derived their living primarily from agricultural production. The new contract responsibility system allowed farmers to rent land for individual farming families. Farmers had to sell a certain percentage of their crops to the State with the State’s price, and they could sell the remaining for their own profits. This system had helped the rural income to be doubled (Benson, 47). It marked a successful modernization of agricultural.
Besides the modernization of agricultural, in the Deng era, there was a shift from central planning and reliance on heavy industry to consumer-oriented industries and reliance on foreign trade and investment. Some of the new factories were purchased from other countries; some of them were built with local resources. Capitalist enterprise was ac...
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...ation, Chinese students were able to learn about the higher living standard and encountered a range of ideas that might become profoundly subversive influences.
In the late 1970s, the USA established full diplomatic relations with China and terminated the mutual defense treaty that the USA and the ROC had signed in 1954. Also, the US opened its markets, and continued to restrict the export to China of technologies having possible military uses. But 1982, Chinese began to distance themselves from the USA to imrove their relations with the Soviet Union. But only a year later, after a substantial loosening of US restrictions on exports to China, the relationship between China and the USA began to improve again.
Works Cited
Moise, Edwin E. Modern China. Great Britain: Pearson Education, 2008.
Benson, Linda. China Since 1949. Great Britain: Pearson Education, 20082.
Before the Communist Revolution, China had a dynastic system for their form of government. A dynastic system consisted of China being ruled by emperors and it started around 221 BC. The first known dynasty in China is the Shang Dynasty. The social classes included the upper class of nobles, the working class, and slaves. In the Shang Dynasty, China was well- known for their well- organized armies and the chariots they used. Their system of writing consisted of pictures called ideograms, pictograms and phonograms. The dynastic system left China in 1911 when the Qing Dynasty ended. A republican form of government was introduced where warlords governed the country. This type of government was weak for China and Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Nationalist Party, searched for help from other countries to try to bring down the warlords. Unfortunately, western countries did not give their help, and China went to the Soviet Union for help instead. The Soviet Union agreed to help them out but they pushed for China to become communist. This decision eventually led to the civil war that occurred in China.
In the minds of Chinese people, Deng Xiaoping is considered as one of the most powerful leader of the People’s Republic of China from late 1970’s until he died in 1997. His noteworthy efforts to bring back China’s prosperity following the consequences of the Cultural Revolution resulted in the country’s economic, cultural and social expansion. The outcome of his passion and belief in the potential of China is still noticeable today.
China is often referred to as an emerging superpower because of its booming economy, which was carefully developed by Deng. China became self sufficient in the 80s, and continues to produce a majority of manufactured goods, which occurred because of Deng’s idea to put an end to collectivization. The middle class is steadily growing and millions of Chinese people thrive outside of their home country because Deng emphasized higher education. The Chinese leader found the issues in Mao’s government and fixed them, all while maintaining the ideals of his country and communism. Without the guidance of Deng Xiaoping after Mao’s reign, the country with a population of 1.3 billion may not have found the level of prosperity it enjoys
The primary political goal was to change ideologies of the people from imperialism to communism through techniques such as thought reforms and re-education campaigns that urged people to believe in Mao’s vision of China and socialist ways of thinking, working and living by dedicating themselves to ‘serve the people’ instead of their own self-interest. From 1949, Mao established a communist political system influenced by Marxism, which was altered slightly over the years but still remaining the kind of system he wanted. However, changes made by leaders such as Deng Xiaoping after The Great Leap Forward introduced new right-wing capitalist policies, such as the encouragement of private markets, which would allow the Chinese economy to recover from The Great Leap Forward. These measures were sustained as the policies proved to increase productivity and growth. This threatened Mao’s views of the kind of socialist society he aimed to create and so he and the Communist Part of China (CCP) launched the 1966 Cultural Revolution to bring China back to its ‘pure’ socialist system. From this, it can be seen that Mao’s political goals of the 1949 Communist Revolution were achieved to some extent as a communist system was established. His goal, however, was not achieved to a full extent as changes made by Deng Xiaoping in 1966, changed his creation of a ‘pure’ communist system into a socialist system economically powered by
Deng engineered important reforms in virtually all aspects of China’s political, economic, and social life. (Encyclopedia Britannica Editors)
Vogel, E 2011, Deng Xiaoping and the transformation of China, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Vogel, Ezra. 2011. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Pag. 211.
Disruptive politics for China were presenting themselves since the death of the CCPs former leader Mao Zedong in 1976. There was two years of great uncertainty until Deng Xiaoping's take of government was developed in 1978; he had also focused on gr...
China is the largest developing country in today’s world and the rapid growth of the Chinese economy has attracted attention from all over the world. Some people falsely think that China is a country that China is only pursuing their economic reform, but without any democratic changes. On the contrary, China actually has a long history of democratic reforms. China has a different way of democratic reform that different from western-style democracy, which made Westerners think China is a powerful country with limitations in democracy. However, my point of view is that China is not limiting their democratic change, and China is utilizing a distinctive form of democracy.
In the eyes of those who matter the CCP remains a legitimate government. Before Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms, the workers and peasants were seen as the two most important groups in the Chinese social apparatus. However, as China’s middle class grows and develops, the former two groups have become less important to the prosperity of China. As such, the middle class’s environmental grievances are heard and acted upon while the workers’ employment issues and the peasants’ land theft and corruption problems are not. Unlike under Mao, the middle class is the primary support base of the CCP. As the primary beneficiaries of the CCP’s market reforms, the middle class’s impression of the Party determines whether the group continues to exist. Though all the grievances presented by the three groups demands all challenge Party rule, each group can be addressed differently due to their economic role in the current economy.
When Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong first rose to power at the start of the Chinese Civil War, major change was on the horizon for Nationalist China. With rising inflation and civil instability at the hands of corrupt government leaders, the time had come for the Communists to take the helm in China. Mao branded this as a chance to use communist ideals to promote economic development. He believed that he could bring China to an economic level on par with its industrialized neighbors at a rapid pace, gaining him a huge following. Unfortunately for the Communist party, support for Mao hemorrhaged following the profound failures of the Great Leap Forward, an economic program he spearheaded. Mao’s plan managed to leave the agricultural industry in ruins and destroy the working population in China. Not accepting failure, once Mao had faded into near obsoleteness, he plunged back into the public eye. He claimed China was on the cusp of a dangerous return to capitalism. He called for a rebellion. Newfound support was especially common among Chinese youth, who searched for something to believe in in a relatively stagnant China. Mao’s Cultural Revolution, enabled by the rebellious youths, left the nation in a catastrophic state. It wreaked havoc on the Chinese social structure, forging class divides and resulting in a breakdown of law and order. Therefore, Chairman Mao Zedong's efforts to improve China to his own standards—the botched Great Leap Forward and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, accomplished exactly opposite of what they desired to achieve, leaving the Chinese economy and social struc...
In order to realize the Four Modernization of Industry, Agriculture, Science and Technology, and National Defense Modernization, China began its economic system reform in 1978. The reform was referred to as marketization, commodification, and socialization. From then on, the market-oriented system has been gradually established to replace the planned economic system, which was adopted for several decades (Information China, 1989: 468), and “the economy has grown at an astonishing annual rate of nearly 10%” (Lin, 1997: 66). Following the success of the economic system reform, Chinese education system is being changed.
In 1979, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China began to become economically globalized through many economic reforms. The first reform offered price and ownership incentives for farmers, which allowed them to sell a portion of their crops to the free market, rather than the government monopolizing the whole market (Morrison, 4). Four special economic zones, along the coast, were established by the government in order to try and attract foreign direct investment. This helped to boosts exports for China, and further, allows China to import better technology from the foreign investments (Morrison, 4). In addition to the four economic zones, other cities on the coast were “designated open cities” which allowed them to practice “free market
The People’s Republic of China has been one of the key growers of the global middle class throughout the past decades. It houses a middle class population of approximately 300 million people. A massive shift is occurring to increase marketing and increasing urban middle class populations in China. Millions of people are being encouraged to move to the cities which will springboard economic growth through domestic consumption. In addition to urbanization and consumption, the PRC is investing in programs designed to boost infrastructure, healthcare and education. This includes new transportation technology, designed to make domes...
The investigation will attempt to answer the question, “To what extent did Chinese agricultural reforms between 1978 and 1982 enable the success of the four modernizations?” Research will primarily be gathered on the nature of these reforms, how they compared to the agriculture policy of Mao during the Great Leap Forward and how Deng’s reforms enabled the possibility of economic growth and reform in the private sectors of China. Primary source such as official statistics of agricultural production kept in villages will be analyzed to determine the impact of overall government policy in villages and other agricultural centers. Other secondary sources will also analyze the overall effect that these agricultural reforms created in China. The impact of these policies would be analyzed to find a connection with increased economic production and economic reform in other sectors of the economy under Deng Xiaoping in later years.