Testing and validation are indispensable steps in the
development of software platforms designed to emulate
hardware components. Since modern sound level meters rely
heavily on digital signal processing for sound analysis, it seems
reasonable to expect that results of equal or greater accuracy
can be realized on computer platforms. Requirements for
precision measuring instruments are specified in the
international standard IEC 61672-2003 – Electroacoustics –
Sound Level Meters. The Standard is applicable to selfcontained
or multi-component analogue and digital hardware
systems, only briefly mentioning computer software as a
provisional part of the instrument for displaying results and
limited data manipulation.
On the other hand, modern digital multi-channel systems
provide means of storing recorded waveforms on a PC hard
disk, thus being fully dependent on dedicated software for all
subsequent processing and analysis. Once integrated with
hardware into a complete sound measuring instrument, such
computer software becomes a subject to compliance with
international standards calling for pattern evaluation tests and
periodic testing.
Measuring instrument comprises several components used for
acquisition, data manipulation, and analysis. Acoustical
transducer (typically a condenser microphone), signal
conditioner and analog-to-digital converter are used to first
convert the sampled analog signal into electrical voltage, and
then to its binary representation. Shelton [ ] recognizes this
part of the instrument as the real-time layer where the
instrument resources are dedicated to particular functions 100
% of the time.
Once the signal has been sampled in real-time, it is passed on
to the block-oriented la...
... middle of paper ...
...ere observed throughout most of the tests.
This was not the case for other common wave file sampling
rates (44.1 kHz, 51.2 kHz) as nominal frequencies of test
signal did not satisfy the condition of periodicity.
This issue is acknowledged in the audio metering realm and
documented in works by Lund and in IEC/TR 602680-18
Sound System Equipment - Peak Programme Level Meters -
Guide for Digital Audio Level Meter standard. However, the
topic was not dealt with in detail since level monitoring in
music and audio domains typically involves broadband signals
as audio input. Recommendations are given to exclude the
problematic “exceptional” test frequencies from global results.
This approach cannot be translated to pattern evaluation tests
for sound measuring instruments as these critical frequencies
provide the starting point for majority of electrical tests.
internal structures of the body and returned to the transducer. The transducer converted the returning sound into electronic signals that were processed
In only a matter of time, the surrounding environment is destroyed, natural sources become contaminated and useless, the temperature drops, and suddenly winter is paying a lingering visit. A nuclear winter. It is a definite possibility in today’s society, a thought that casts shivers down spines. It is the topic that is being addressed by Walter Van Tilburg Clark in his short story, “The Portable Phonograph”, and it is the possible occurrence that is being assessed by James Roberts in the article “How to Survive Nuclear Winter”. In the short story, a group of four men is forced to survive during a nuclear winter, and they have been for a certain period of time. So far, the men have found sources that they can live off of, however, the primary
The Use of Electronic Technology in 20th and 21st Century Music In this essay, I have examined the use of electronic technology within 20th and 21st Century music. This has involved analysis of the development and continuing refinement of the computer in today’s music industry, as well as the theory of the synthesiser and the various pioneers of electronic technology, including Dr. Robert Moog and Les Paul. Also within the essay, I have discussed the increasing use of computers in the recording studio. The computer has become an indispensable tool in ensuring that both recording and playback sound quality is kept at the maximum possible level. Many positive ideas have come from the continued onslaught of computerisation.
Polyphonic is operating on a “shoestring budget” of $150,000. The company is not helped by initial discussions about HSS with potential customers, which have resulted in cold receptions, at best, about the product’s potential application to the music processes despite its multiple strengths.
On Friday, August 18th, at approximately 4:44 PM, Resident Assistant Grace Adams received a phone call that there was loud music coming from 4A9 in East Residence Hall. RA Grace proceeded to find the dorm and knock on its door; after this, she heard the sound of bottles clinking. When one of the residents answered the door, RA Grace introduced herself and asked the rooms' residents to turn down their music since she had received a complaint. RA Grace then stated that she heard the sound of glass bottles. She then asked if she could enter the room, and the resident obliged. RA Grace then asked if she could search the room, and asked one of the residents (Spencer Alexander) to search under his bed. When Spencer did this, he pulled out a bottle
Auditory localization is the ability to recognize the location from which a sound is emanating (Goldstine, 2002). There are many practical reasons for studying auditory localization. For example, previous research states that visual cues are necessary in locating a particular sound (Culling, 2000). However, blind people do not have the luxury of sight to help them locate a sound. Therefore, the ability to locate sound based only on auditory ability is important. It is also important to study different auditory processes. For example, when studying a way for a blind person to maneuver through an environment, it is helpful to know that people can most accurately locate sounds that happen directly in front of them; sounds that are far off, to the side, or behind the head are the least likely to be properly located (Goldstein, 2002).
The human ear picks up sound from every direction then translates the data into something that your brain can understand. The ear is unique unlike your sense of smell; taste and eyesight your hearing system relies solely on your physical movement.
...ical impulse, repeating the mechanism described above. The neurons received signal, they crumble up the information passed it down until they get to the last one.
When it comes to recording in a modern day environment DAW’s (digital audio workstation) are an essential piece of equipment if professional standard results are desired. Although DAW’s are considered a modern technological advancement the first attempt at a DAW was in 1977 and it came from Dr. Tom Stockham’s Soundstream (See references for full description) digital system. It had very powerful editing capabilities and for its time a very advanced crossfader but was still primitive compared to today’s standard. At this moment there are 100’s of DAW’s on the market but arguably there some obvious leaders. Avid’s Pro Tools has been the go to DAW for any professional studio for the past 20 years and although there have been rumors of Avid going out of business and the features in Pro Tools becoming dated, Pro Tools is still a viable option for studios worldwide. Logic Pro has risen to the fore-front of the industry in recent years due to its easy to use interface that is possible of producing professional results. Ableton Live strays away from a hardware instrument music environment to cater for electronic music users. Audio to MIDI is a main focus along with the critically acclaimed Max for Live used for live performances by many current EDM artists. Each individual DAW has its own pros and cons and comparing these can highlight which DAW is the best for what task.
... of the carbon microphone that make is so distinct from all other electronic sender tones. With the combination of the real sound of a voice passing through the carbon microphone fused with the technology we have today, the model that is created by Oksanen and Valimaki and used by a range of producers “incorporates a filtered noise source to model the self-induced noise generated by the carbon microphones” (Oksanen, Valimaki 27). With the scientific ability our world has today, we are able to recreate a sound that was first discovered over a century ago. The development of the carbon button microphone definitely makes a statement about our ever-changing technological society. Although it was an object invented many years ago during the Second Industrial Revolution, it has been altered and improved and has therefore left an everlasting impact on our society.
There are a great number of applications for Digital Signal Processing and in order to better understand why DSP has such a large impact on multiple aspects of society, it helps to better understand the wide variety of applications it can be used for. Here we will briefly look into the following applications of Digital Signal Processing and their uses; speech and audio compression, communications, biomedical signal processing and applications in the automobile manufacturing industry. Li Tan [1] goes into detail with each of these applications in his book, Digital Signal Processing, and explains how each are used on a daily basis.
2013. The. Recording Manual - Construction. [online] Available at: http://www.johnlsayers.com/Recmanual/Titles/Acoustics3.htm [Accessed: 25 Nov 2013].
Fingering and Acoustic Schematic. n.d. Diagram. University of New South Wales, Faculty of Science. Academic Press, 2001. Web. 13 Sept. 2011.
... middle of paper ... ... References Fletcher, N., Martin, D. and Smith, J. (2008) Musical instruments, in AccessScience, McGraw-Hill Companies, Retrieved November 25, 2011 from http://www.accessscience.com.ezproxy.hacc.edu. Henderson, T. (2011). The 'Standard'.
The acoustic speech signal itself can be analysed by creating spectrograms. Each speech signal contains information across multiple frequencies which, when charted on a spectrogram, tend to form bands known as formants. Initial attempts to understand speech percep...