Soil salinity
Introduction
There are many sever aboitic stresses threatening our environment and affecting humans in many ways. One of these major a biotic stresses that is a major problem in many areas of the world and also Australia is the soil salinity. Soil salinity is defined as the content of soluble salt in the water or soil in arid areas. Such areas have inadequate rainfall or drainage to remove the salt from the soil so that the plants don’t get affected. There are two major types of soil salinity. The primary and the secondary soil salinity, the primary salinity is that the earth or soil was saline already before the human settlement. Thus it’s geological; however the secondary soil salinity has been caused by human agricultural activities, by bringing the water table close to the surface which affected the soil. Thus secondary dry-land salinity is the result of agriculture activities. Most of the time it has been so complicated to determine that a particular saline area or site, symbolizes secondary or primary salinity. This is because the primary salinity has expanded due to human agriculture activities. This resulted in huge problem thus in the past decades scientists have tried many techniques to reduce soil salinity such as developing salinity tolerant plants.
Cause of soil salinity
Primary salinity is the production of natural processes such as wind blow, weathering of rocks and rain depositing salt over thousands of years. (Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communication (NOV 2012). According to many studies, in Australia salt has been naturally distributed unevenly throughout the country before the European settlements and its patterns or its impacts v...
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...linity-induced loss and damage to farming households in coastal Bangladesh”
4- Hu Shujun , Shen Yanjun, Chen Uiulong, Gan Yongde, Wang Xinfan (DEC 2013) “effects of saline water drip irrigation on soil salinity and cotton growth in an Oasis Field”. Pp 1021-1030,6 DIO: 10.1002/eco.1336
5- Inge S. Møller,Matthew Gilliham, Deepa Jha,Gwenda M. Mayo,Stuart J. Roy,b,Juliet C. Coates,a, Jim Haseloff, and Mark Testerb (2009),the plant cell, Vol. 21, pp: 2163–2178
6- Juan Herrero, Wayne H. Hudnall (2014) “Measurement of soil salinity using electromagnetic induction in a paddy with a densic pan and shallow water table” pp: 263–274 DOI, 12, DIO: 10.1007/s10333-013-0371-5- 5- -
7- Moosa Mahmood Sedibe, Zenzile Peter Khetsha, Ntsoaki Malebo (2013) “Salinity Effects on External and Internal Morphology of Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolensL.) Leaf” ISSN:1097-8135
Water is the most relied upon resource on earth and if it disappeared life could not and would not exist on this planet. So if one of our main sources of water in South Australia, The Murray Darling-Basin, becomes unusable then we would need to find the problem and do everything possible to stop it or counteract it. This report investigates on salinity in the Murray Darling-Basin, using the issue question “Is there enough being done to counteract the effects of salinity in the Murray?” as the focus. Salinity is a key significant environmental challenge which the Murray faces and if left unmanaged it could cause serious implications for water quality, plant growth, biodiversity, land productivity, infrastructure and could lead to a loss of a water source that’s critical to human needs. In this investigation five different aspects of this salinity issue are presented and these aspects include what Salinity is and how it has become an issue, what the effects are, how salinity affects the rest of Australia, what can be done and is anyone doing anything and finally what the visions are for the future of the Murray and its salinity levels.
ABSTRACT: Chloroplasts carry out photosynthetic processes to meet the metabolic demands of plant cells (Alberts, 2008). They consist of an inner thylakoid membrane and a stroma. (Parent et. al, 2008).In this experiment we demonstrate the unique protein compositions of isolated thylakoid and stromal fractions from broken and whole spinach chloroplasts. Because these compartments carry out different metabolic processes, we confirm our hypothesis that performing SDS-PAGE on these fractions will result in distinct patterns on the gels. In isolating and analyzing nucleic acid from broken, whole, and crude chloroplast samples we demonstrate that genes for photosynthetic protein psbA are found in chloroplast DNA, while genes for photosynthetic enzyme
Plasmolysis However when the plant cell is placed in a more concentrated solution the water inside the cell passes out the cell. The cytoplasm... ... middle of paper ... ...
(1) Chloroplast development (a) The development of chloroplasts from proplastids is regulated by light Meristematic cells in the shoot and root apices and leaf primordia contain low numbers of small, undifferentiated proplastids. The ultrastructure of these non-green proplastids is simple and consists of the envelope, often with some invaginations from the inner membrane, and a stroma with some ribosomes, nucleoids, plastoglobuli, sometimes some inner membranes, and a limited amount of prokaryotic type DNA [1]. In those tissues and organs destined to become green and photosynthesising in light, the proplastids develop into etioplasts in darkness. Etioplasts are the end product of a differential route in dark-grown angiosperm seedlings that begins with the proplastid stage.
...e involved in the plants carbohydrate metabolism. This response causes the plant’s cell walls to be rearranged and strengthened. THis would increase the plants resistance to infection and the uptake of harmful chemicals.
The problem of water shortage is one of the major limiting factors in food production and agriculture development in the arid and semi arid regions. Reclaimed water is one of the most significant available water resources that shall be consumed in agriculture and urban landscape maintenance. In order to investigate the impact of water quality and its application method on olive trees this experiment was carried out during 2010-2012 in the semiarid central part of Iran on young olive trees. The trees were irrigated by a new subsurface-leaky irrigation (SLI) system and surface irrigation in line with irrigation with recycle and clean water for 24 months. The results revealed that SLI system could enhance trees growth, leaf area, Fv/Fm and photosynthesis by68, 26, 4 and 42% respectively, although it decreased leaves soluble sugars (47%). In addition, irrigating trees by SLI system using reclaimed water could increase N and Mg uptake 138 and 8% respectively. Plants irrigated with RW showed improved growth (42%) leaf area26% and photosynthesis 23.4% compared with CL water. Furthermore Mg, Na, K, P and N surprisingly increase 12, 59, 30, 7, and 92 % respectively in leaf tissue in application recycle water. In overall, this experiment showed that recycled water could be a favorable resource for olive trees irrigation and SLI irrigation system was more efficient in irrigation in this research.
The another devastating abiotic stress which is considered to be highly responsible worldwide for decreasing yield and quality of crop productivity is drought (Lambers et al. 2008 ; Moghadam et al .,2011; Mohsen Pourgholam et al.,2013 ; M. Farooq et al., 2012; Abolhasani and Saeidi, 2004 ; Monjezi et al., 2013).It harms plant growth and development and reduces crop growth rate and also affects biomass accumulation. Generally, in crop plants drought severely affects the cell division and expansion, elongation of root, leaf size, proliferation of root and inhibition of shoot growth (Sharp & Davies 1989; Spollen et al.,1993;Yamaguchi et al.,2010). Furthermore ,it also badly hampers all kinds of plant functions and physiological and biochemical traits such as mineral elements, carbohydrates, free radicals, ions, hormones, lipids, and nucleic acids (HongBo et al., 2005; Yasar et al., ; Moghadam et al .,2011,Mohsen Pourgholam et al,2013) .The transportation of nutrients from the roots to the stem severely get affected by drought as the rate of transpiration is reduced and damage of active transport and membrane permeability take place (Viets, 1972; Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). Simultaneously, due to decrease in soil moisture, problem occurs with the low distribution of absorbed nutrients by the plant roots in the soil (Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). More importantly, drought leads to rise in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to energy accumulation in stress condition of plants (Smirnoff 1993; Asada 2006; Waraich et al.,2011).Drought diminishes photosynthetic carbon fixation primarily through restraining the entrance of CO2 into the leaf or by reducing metabolism (Smirnoff 1993; Loggini et al., 1999; Ap...
Salt is made up of sodium and chlorine and it is a natural occurrence on our planet, it can be found and harvested mainly from the seas, oceans or salt lakes. However salt can also be mined from within the earth from dried up underground seas, normally it’s only used as road salt (maldonsalt). The product salt has multiple functions, Salt is used to preserve foods and also to flavor foods, salt can also be used as a stabilizer in water and rock salt is used to melt ice during the winter (Freeman, 2007).
Mercer, Dave. "Desal Or Not To Desal? The Desalination Debate In Australia." Geodate 21.2 (2008): 5-7. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.
All eukaryotic plant cells that have coloured plastids contain their photosynthetic pigments in these membrane bound units [3]. In land plants, the facilitators of photosynthesis are the chloroplasts.
Berry, J. O., Yerramsetty, P., Zielinski, A. M., & Mure, C. M. (2013). Photosynthetic gene expression in higher plants. (). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9880-8
Cain, M. L., Urry, L. A., & Reece, J. B. (2010). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
Agriculture also leads to soil erosion, both through rainfall and wind. This soil can damage the aquatic ecosystems it ends up in, an...
When studying plant nutrition, it is important to analyze the sources of the nutrition. Plants absorb their nutrients using their roots in the soil, however soil is not a uniform nutritive source. The plant’s wellbeing depends greatly on the quality, composition, and thickness of the soil. To help categorize such a broad topic, scientists have implemented a naming scheme for the different levels of soil. The first layer is closest to ...
Urbanization: Soil is considered as water reservoir. Urbanization acts in creating amount of impermeable surface due to construction of buildings, roads, drainage, sewage, flood relief channel etc. It reduces the amount of infiltration and percolation. Water tends to experiment the runoff process rather than infiltration. This contributes to increase in