Reference groups are the groups that people identify psychologically and in which it serves as the sources of self-evaluation. Reference groups also influence the way people become, the way the think and act, as well as what people believe. There are two types of reference groups positive and negative reference groups. Positive reference groups refer to groups that people aspire to become and negative reference groups refer to groups that we do not want to be identified with. Having the knowledge of a reference group will help people understand why some groups behave as they do. The way to clarify the way a person behaves is through the knowledge about what kind of reference group that the person looks upon and does not. My reference groups are executives, top students, uneducated people, and criminal.
The first reference groups serve as positive reference group because I would wish to belong in the executives groups. Being an executive and manage a company has been my aspiration since I watch the way they work and act from news and movies. Their intelligence and hard work has motivated me to study harder to achieve my goal, which is to be one of them. Looking upon their way of talking to client, managing company efficiently, and negotiating trade, I self-evaluated my performance and imitate their working style. I took negotiation class and managing corporation class to evaluate my knowledge and my performance. I read books about managing a company and the decision making process. Participating in seminar and career fair is one of the ways I checked my performance and compare it to the successful executives. Interview training showed how much my skills have improved and my current knowledge compare to the competition in the mark...
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...lained why a non-smoking student could become a smoker once it enters a school with high smoking rate for students.
In conclusion, reference groups are very important in shaping an individual’s identity and behavior whether it is positive or negative reference groups. Even though the primary groups such as family and peer groups are very important, reference group motivate people to achieve their goal and also served as self-evaluation. A person who wants to be a teacher will begin to identify with those groups and socialized to have particular expectations associated with the groups. Having knowledge of people’s reference groups may help in the decision making process and understanding those people’s behavior pattern. The goal for people to have reference groups is to please and to conform the expectations and behaviors of the groups that are important to them.
In the story " Groups and Conformity" by Michael R. Solomon, it talks about how people in groups are more influential then a individual person would be. In the opening it talkes about a guy whos name is Zachary. Zachary is a business man during the week and on weekends you can find him riding his motorcycle or with his group of motorcycle friends. You see Zachary is a part of the many individual 's who are in a reference group. A reference group is based on a individual or groups; evaluations, aspirations, and or behaviors. Reference groups are important because of two reasons. Reason one is because of the recent research on the smoking cessation: And the powerful impact it has on reference groups. According to the author, Michael Solomon,
In a reading “Tobacco Free Campus Reading”: [Why should my college campus be smoke-free or tobacco-free?
In-group relationships were built through activities that will promote group identification. Stereotypes were assumed, such as believing that in-group members are brave and friendly (described in favourable terms) and members of the other group – sneaky (unfavourable terms). Hostility developed rapidly, followed by bitter conflict. The experiment focused heavily on the concept of a 'group ' and what a perception of belonging to a group can actually do to the relationships of members within it and their relationships with people outside their group. Sherif remarked that anyone who came in at this point would have concluded that these youngsters were wicked and vicious. However, it was group processes rather than the personality that had produced the conflict. However, in one of Sherif’s studies, which, unfortunately, was never published, they refused to be divided and, together, they resisted attempts by the experimenters to set them against each other.
Groups can be defined as, any number of people with whom interact with each other, are psychologically aware of one an other and perceive themselves as a group. Effective groups are important as they endeavour to take care of each group member, get tasks done and strive to achieve their goals, whilst being stimulating, enjoyable and rewarding (Schein (1998), as cited in Fowler, Gudmundsson, & Whicker, 2011, p.16). Groups
There has been an expediential growth in the number of teenager’s beginning to smokes do to facts such as curiousness, peer
As per the American Heart Association in 2013, an expected 23 percent of grown-up men and 18 percent of grown-up ladies in the United States are smokers. What’s even more troubling is the prevalence of juvenile smoking in our society. juvenile smoking is a very real danger among U.S. youngsters and high schoolers. About 25 percent of U.S. secondary school understudies are smokers, and an extra 8 percent use smokeless tobacco items, for example, snuff and plunge. But what is most disheartening, is that 30 percent of all juvenile smokers will become addicted and suffer health related complications due to prolonged smoking. Numerous components play into a kid's choice to attempt tobacco. A craving to seem "cooler", more advanced, or to
...s well which can assist in boosting self-esteem. The context of the group should be one goal attainment and positivity. This encourages members to commit to taking action in their lives. It is important that the group be focused on the here and now with members staying present. Although the group is concerned with a members past experiences and lifestyle of members, that is for the purpose of gaining insight into current maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. In addition, it is important to maintain an empathetic relationship which is based on mutual respect and trust so that members feel understood and accepted by the facilitator. The group leader challenges group member’s goals and beliefs about themselves and the world around them to help them to translate what was learned during the process of group and turn what was learned into new ideas and new beliefs.
Gilovich, T., & Gilovich, T. (2013). Chapter 12/ Groups. In Social psychology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
...its students to spread their knowledge. The classes that a university provide should enable the ideal students to learn the immediate and long-term effects of tobacco use, and to recognize and resist both peer pressure and media ploys. More importantly, they must also enable students to share their knowledge with society and help others, so that the entire population can effectively combat smoking together by preventing people from puffing their lives away.
Tobacco smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals that are incredibly harmful to our bodies. It is simply unethical to allow one’s employees, patients, customers, clients, etc. to be exposed to secondhand smoke. Smoking not only decreases morale with frequent smoke breaks, it also causes a sharp decline in clientele or patients who prefer a smoke free environment, like pregnant women. As a community, we need to protect those who choose not to expose themselves to the number one preventable causes of death in the United States. Taking on a tobacco-free campus policy and refusing to hire smokers, supports the global cause to end tobacco use.
Through public education, most elementary school kids can understand that smoking is bad for them and that cigarettes are additive. Cigarettes are addictive due to nicotine, a drug found in tobacco (“Quitting Smoking”, 2015). According to Schneider (2016), some of the greatest health problems associated with smoking include: lung cancer, other cancers, coronary heart disease, other heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, other vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), prenatal conditions, and sudden infant death syndrome. As stated by the Authority of the American Lung Association in an article titled “Health
Teen Smoking Teen smoking. Those two words mean a lot of things to a lot of different people. To some it means nothing. They are just two meaningless words found under T and S in the dictionary. To others it is as if these words symbolize some sort of treason or crime against society. Yet to others it is just another stereotype to be placed under. And to some it is a salvation. An escape. Unfortunately I am writing this paper so you will get my positions on teen smoking rather than other peoples. Teen smoking gathers a lot of emotions when I think about it. It makes me very angry sometimes. My first draft of this was good but I saw myself getting angry and lashing out on everyone, so I revised it. But enough of that, I find teen smoking to be a very controversial subject. To be completely honest with you I am smoking right now as I am writing this. Obviously I am a smoker. I am 17 years old and I am a smoker. In the late 1990’s, the statistics showed that approximately 25% of teens smoke. That’s one out of every four teenagers. High school is a tough time for teens. These years are critical to a teens future. This explains why a vast majority of smokers start at 16 years or younger with the most common age being 14 years old(freshman). It has also been proven also that teens who score lower in school smoke more than higher scoring students do. It seems that everyone smokes in our school. Our school is overrun with smokers. It is right now at least 50% smokers and 65% if you count the people who will smoke before their high school career is up. We practically encourage it. I mean Fireman’s Field practically condones teen smoking. Teen smoking is defiantly a problem in our school, as well as schools all over the United States. I feel that teen smoking is a huge problem. I feel that too many teenagers smoke cigarettes. It is something that needs to get dealt with. But before I get into that I should probably start with the causes of teen smoking. There are several factors that start teens on smoking cigarettes. There has to be considering that over 1 million new teenagers will start smoking annually. The most common is peer pressure.
Several experiments and researches have been conducted that have focused on how people behave in groups. The findings have revealed that groups affect peoples’ attitudes, behavior and perceptions. Groups are essential for personal life, as well as in work life.
Consequently, tobacco which contains many harmful chemicals damages human beings’ health day by day. Although people are aware of the bad effects of smoking, they still smoke for one reason or another. When the current situation is considered, it is clear that smoking which has been spreading all over the world is not only the problem of a country or a territory but the problem of mankind because smoking brings many disadvantages for humans like diseases. I personally believe that it is important to help children remain lifelong non-smokers because they are our hope for a non-smoking future.
Investigate some of the reasons why individuals take up smoking and why might people continue to smoke?