There are many forms of social inequality that can be analyzed in the study of anthropology. One of these is the social inequality between men and women. Though gender is studied relatively commonly in the field of anthropology, it is not often looked at through the lens of social inequality. The observations of Sarah Lamb and Deborah Tannen in their articles, "The Politics of Dirt and Gender: Body Techniques in Bengali India," and "Who's Interrupting?: Issues of Dominance and Control," respectively, lend a great deal of information to the topic at hand, as does my general observations of the conversations and traditions that occur in the sociocultural setting of the family dinner table. The social inequalities between men and women are often rationalized by the stereotypes that are perpetuated in their respective societies. However, there is an interesting wrinkle here: the stereotypes are different! So, which one is closer to the true inherent nature of men and women?
Some of the ways that the inequalities are rationalized and held in place within the culture are by referring to the innate differences between males and females. In Lamb's account of the use of dirt in India, she mentions how the innate gender differences are considered in India to be not only psychological and physical for the obvious differences in endowment, but, as a North Indian saying goes: "Women are like unglazed earthen water jugs, which are permeable and become easily contaminated to such depth that they cannot be purified. Men are like impermeable brass jugs, which are difficult to contaminate and easy to purify" (Lamb 221). The fact that men and women are both being compared to jugs indicate that they have approximately the same form, but ...
... middle of paper ...
...s sports and food while the women frequently discuss school or work and shopping. The two common subjects that most often overlap between the genders are television and musical theater. While I do not believe that the members of my family accurately represent their gender cohorts in the rest of our society, they are yet another example of how diverse members of the same group can be in terms of behavior and inequality. Even though men and women are not specifically considered to have inequality at the dinner table, there is a perceived notion that the opposite sex has more power- this perpetuates equality in that everyone believes themselves to be the underdog, and is thus on the same page. If only men and women around the world could be as equal as Americans are at the dinner table, there would be much less oppression and the world would be a much safer place.
Gender roles have been a predominant factor in our world since the early emergence of human societies whether they are positive or negative. They are based on expectations that societies have over the people in them. The Epic of Sunjata, shows us how men and women are treated almost equally in different forms. Women are praised for their ability to birth leaders, which is similar to the early Greek Society. In most societies, women are treated less equal than men. This was prevalent in the early Indian society. No matter the gender role, it has been shown that any society cannot survive without both men and women.
Amongst societies, there is a great variety of means of survival, all of which are dependent upon factors influencing the community—geographical location and structure of authority, to name a few. Such factors and the community’s ways of survival create the underlying basis of other complex issues, including the relationship between the sexes. Many anthropological papers that concentrate on the modes of production of specific groups of people have shown a connection between the modes of production and the presence or absence of gender inequality. Futhermore, there is also evidence of a further causality between the two: as a society adopts a more complex mode of production, the more distinct and apparent the sexual division of labor will appear.
It seems that feminist argue that the biological difference might lead to some difference in women’s roles but should not become the leading factor in what men and women can and cannot do. All societies are structured around relatively stable patterns that establish how social interaction will be carried out. One of the most important social structures that organize social interaction is status, a category or position that each person occupies and it is a determinant of how he or she is going to be defined and treated. As long as the patriarchy stands as the only way, women will continue to be seen as objects for the boys of River High as well as in society.
Throughout history men are held to a higher standard than women. Men are viewed as the ones with political, corporate and economic power able to control the world we live in, but women on the other hand, are viewed as the opposite, the standard of women is seen as the ones who stayed home, take care and nurture the kids, provide food for the family and maintain the household. According to American anthropologist Conrad Kottak, gender roles are tasks and activities the culture assigns to men and women (2008). There are numerous ways determining and understanding how gender roles of men and women are to be expected, and upheld in society.
Anthropologists have examined our assumptions about the ‘natural’ roles of men and women in society through investigating the past and present. This is important as the core of anthropology is the ability to understand and use our knowledge of not only the past, but also the present to question societal norms (Blasco, 2010). Gender roles, society’s image of expected roles and attitudes a particular gender should possess, continue to be of great interest to anthropological studies. These expectations result in many gender stereotypes and create a stigmatized definition of what it means to be a man or a women (Blasco, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to conduct a gender analysis of
South Asian women engage in patriarchal values and normative structure established more than two thousands years ago, continue to be oppressed by a dominant group of men. These women suffer further oppression through the strict adherence to cultural garb. Still today, media and educational system portray South Asian women as self-sacrificing, faithful to the family, and submissive to men.
“Father Knows Best”, a popular sitcom in the 1950s, was a program where the archetypal father’s wisdom was solomonic and his judgment was left unquestioned. A patriarchal social hierarchy was maintained in the idealized post-war family. The 1950s in the United States were the golden age of masculinity, as books like The Modern Woman: The Lost Sex, to decree motherhood as the duty and civic responsibility of women, became best sellers (Rhode, 1947). Luckily, the United States has unshackled themselves from the imposing views of the mid-20th century, now fully accepting female leaders and workers as contributors to the economy. Yet, there is still a struggle and the modern mindset remains gilded. Gender can act as a divider. Science lends itself to the study of the human body, of the mind, and of human habits. The distinctive tendencies of men and women, as well as the completely different biological makeup, establish the two sexes. Yet women have barriers, invisible to the naked eye, that discourage them from participating in various things, things that are seen as male dominant fields, such as engineering (a current issue in the United States) (only 17% to 19% of engineering degrees go to women) (Catalyst). The professional world of America is vying for more female presence in particular spheres of influence. Gender roles have been exuded and exhausted during history (as seen in shows like “Father Knows Best”), in turn creating mental blockades for the vast majority of women, ultimately limiting their social and economic capabilities. This is a global issue. In some nations, women have become the “lesser” of society, not able to overcome sexism that is sometimes violent and aggressive (Berg, 17). The spectrum of gender inequality ...
In excerpts from The Gendered Society, Michael Kimmel talks about the biological and socially constructed views placed on gender and its effect on the sexes. Kimmel brings up the findings of anthropologist Margaret Mead,who studied three different tribes. Two of which were equal in relation between the sexes, yet, one is described as passive and the other aggressive in nature. The third culture, the Tchambuli, were vastly different from the previous two. There were differences between the genders, differences which are not familiar to the first two cultures, nor many countries and societies around the world, including the U.S.. In the Tchambuli, the men were passive and take great importance on wearing jewelry and curls, while the women were
Gender Inequality has always been in issue since the beginning of time. For some it’s not an issue it’s just a way of life, women are taught to be submissive and obedient to their male counterparts. Women’s sole purpose is to bear children, raise and nurture them, run the household as far as cooking and cleaning and to take care for their husband and his needs. This has been an idea that goes across many cultures in different parts of the world for centuries, passed down from generation and generations. Those days are long gone or are they really? Over the years women have made great strides in gaining equal rights as man, but for some cultures women are unequal to their male counterparts despite how far the fight for women equality have
For many years there has been inequality between men and women. Basketball, football, soccer, baseball, golf, sumo wrestling, motocross, mixed martial arts, rugby, hockey, auto racing, boxing, and the list goes on and on. By now most are thinking “Oh, it’s just a list of sports.” This is not just a list of sports. These are sports dominated by men. Then again, there are sports listed such as basketball and soccer that have women’s teams, but the men’s teams get the attention and praise that women do not. Forbes list, parenthood, relationships, politics, social events, etcetera. Forbes list’s richest one percent of the world has seventy-three men, but only seven women (Forbes 400, 2015). Society has praised men, who take care of their children, but expect women to take care of the children.
Gender difference as inequality is all shaped by economic, political, social and cultural factors. In the global context these division of the world formed radical difference between economic zones characterized by extremes of wealth and poverty. Yet, these in equal relationships are often reproduced within under developed societies where non-white women often find themselves at the bottom of the hyracial division. Hence the factors which produce different form of oppression consist of class, ethnocentric and racist practices, and heterosexism.
To acknowledge inequality without acknowledging the inequality as a result of gender it is simply irresponsible. Gender plays a clear role in inequality, with women being treated worse than men in a variety of aspects including wages, family life, education, and occupations. Though the gap between men and women has steadily decreased, there is still a clear difference. The importance of gender, the existence of a "glass ceiling," the evidence of a "second shift," and gendering of occupations all point to the existence of gender gap. The importance of gender within society starts from birth, with everyone asking whether a newborn is a girl or boy, and the expectation to dress a child in "appropriate" clothing based on their assigned gender.
It is only recently that sociology has begun to explore the topic of gender. Before this, inequalities within society were based primarily on factors such as social class and status. This paper will discuss gender itself: what makes us who we are and how we are represented. It will also explore discrimination towards women throughout history, focusing mainly on women and the right to vote, inequalities between males and females in the work place and how gender is represented in the media.
Gender is defined as the scopes of genetic, physical, mental and behaviour characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and feminity, meanwhile inequality is defined as in a situation where there is an unfair situation or treatment in which certain people have more privileges or better opportunities or chances than other people. Thus, from the definition stated gender inequality refers to unequal or unfair management, treatment, or perceptions of persons or individuals are based on their gender. In a parallel sense, gender inequality can be said as the world in which there was discrimination against anyone based on gender. In this introductory, the general understanding of gender inequalities will be discussed further into three significant factors that influence the allocation of housework between men and women. Household chores can be classified as cleaning, cooking and paying bills. Division of housework serves as an important element in the continuation of the function of a family and it requires contribution from both spouses (Tang, 2012). However, current society’s perception on housework is based on gender, so the three major factors that influence the division of household chores within the couples are education level, economic resources, and time availability (refer to Figure1 in Appendix 1).
Gender inequality has always been connected with patriarchal societies. Since early city-states emerged, males have been the dominant sex of different cultures. Even near the beginning of the 20th Century, gender inequality was a large part of the modern world. A common characteristic of a patriarchal culture is the oppression of women and the common belief was that a woman belonged at home as a wife and mother, and a man belonged in the public sphere. Patriarchy is an example of stratified society, a society that has significant differences in the distribution of goods, services, rights and power. It is based on gender stratification (the unequal