The Slums of the Urban Crisis The nineteenth century “Urban Crisis” featured a period of poverty, “white flight”, redlining, and urban redevelopment. During the 1930s America was slowly recovering from the great Depression and President Roosevelt had developed a New Deal. Since money was a major factor that led to the stock market crash, Roosevelt had to create plans that would allow America to balance its wealth. This meant that individuals would be able to receive jobs and would have enough funds to provide for their families. Shortly after these plans, white Americans migrated to the suburbs and slums were cleared. This opened up many job positions and the majority of Americans were able to work. However, this left out the poor individuals and the terms of the plan only gave minorities opportunities for low waged jobs. “Vanishing Jobs in Racialized America” by Nelson Lichtenstein features the author Thomas Sugrue who “redefined a chronology of racial conflict and urban decline” (Lichtenstein 2). Sugrue observed that American leaders constructed the new deals in a way that placed limits upon minorities. This included them receiving the worst jobs and being pushed into separate neighborhoods. Sugrue’s perspective is only one of the many claims that scholars posed while talking about slums. It was difficult to determine who was responsible for the way that black inner city neighborhoods developed. The U.S. leaders, redevelopment policies, and minorities were three of the suspected causes of the urban crisis. Despite the many accusations, most scholars identify with the idea that inner city people were all affected negatively impacted by the Urban Crisis. Isolation, a loss of ambition and disorganizations are three of the key ... ... middle of paper ... ...onclusions. Bibliography Elijah, Anderson. "5. The Code of the Streets." In After the War on Crime: Race, Democracy, and a New Reconstruction, 73. New York: NYU Press, 2008. Project MUSE, EBSCOhost (accessed May 4, 2014). Kaufman, Bruce E. 2012. "WAGE THEORY, NEW DEAL LABOR POLICY, AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION: WERE GOVERNMENT AND UNIONS TO BLAME?. " Industrial & Labor Relations Review 65, no. 3: 501-532. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 1, 2014). Leinberger, Christopher B. 2008. "The Next Slum?." Atlantic Monthly (10727825) 301, no. 2: 70-75. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed May 1, 2014). Lichtenstein, Nelson. 2000. "Vanishing Jobs in a Racialized America." Radical History Review no. 78: 178-188 Alternative Press Index, EBSCOhost (accessed April 28, 2014).
“Gentrification is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district's character and culture.” (Grant) In layman’s terms, gentrification is when white people move to a black neighborhood for the sake of cheaper living, and in turn, raise up property values and force black neighbors to leave because of a higher price of living. Commonly, the government supports gentrification with the demolition of public housing in areas that are developing with more white neighbors. This is causing a decreasing amount of African Americans to be able to afford to live in the neighborhood as their homes are taken away from them, forcing them to relocate. Whilst gentrification normally has negative connotations, there are several people who believe gentrification brings about “an upward trend in property values in previously neglected neighborhoods.” (Jerzyk) On the other hand, this new trend in property value and business causes those...
Gilbert Osofsky’s Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto paints a grim picture of inevitability for the once-exclusive neighborhood of Harlem, New York. Ososfky’s timeframe is set in 1890-1930 and his study is split up into three parts. His analysis is convincing in explaining the social and economic reasons why Harlem became the slum that it is widely infamous for today, but he fails to highlight many of the positive aspects of the enduring neighborhood, and the lack of political analysis in the book is troubling.
Anderson, Elijah 1999, Code of the Street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
How has this book advanced the study of urban environments? In “The Origins of the Urban Crisis” we have learned what can happen in a very industrial city when it pertains to one major industry and what the differences are between the way that different races are treated when it comes to the hiring, laying off, and firing differences as the industry changes. I feel that this book has taught us that industries are always changing and that they need to advance and move to keep up with the demands that the industries have to offer. This book focuses on the 1940s through roughly the 1970s, this was a time when equal rights and major racial discrimination were very big issues that not only Michigan faced, but, cities have faced all over the United States. During this time, was also when there was a major rise in the automobile industry. As the automobile industry took off and we learned that as technology advances that there is not as much
A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 explains in detail how the author deciphers the ghettoization process in Cleveland during the time period. Kusmer also tries to include studies that mainly pertained to specific black communities such as Harlem, Chicago, and Detroit, which strongly emphasized the institutional ghetto and dwelled on white hostility as the main reasons as to why the black ghetto was
Newark began to deteriorate and the white residents blamed the rising African-American population for Newark's downfall. However, one of the real culprits of this decline in Newark was do to poor housing, lack of employment, and discrimination. Twenty-five percent of the cities housing was substandard according to the Model C...
Lingering and pervasive racism found in FDR's Cabinet, Congress, and New Deal administrators, contributed to a failure of the Administration's grand scheme to raise America's poor, particularly African-Americans, from the depths of despair. Harold Ickes, President Roosevelt's powerful Secretary of the Interior and the Administration's leading advocate for African-American relief, believed that the problems faced by poor blacks were inseparable from the pro...
Goetz, Edward G.. New Deal ruins: race, economic justice, and public housing policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. Print.
Michelle Boyd’s article “Defensive Development The Role of Racial Conflict in Gentrification” also focuses on gentrification addressing the failure to explain the relationship between racial conflict and its effect on gentrification. This article adds a new perspective to gentrification while studying the blacks as gentrifiers.
In Jane Jacobs’s acclaimed The Life and Death of Great American Cities, she intricately articulates urban blight and the ills of metropolitan society by addressing several binaries throughout the course of the text. One of the more culturally significant binaries that Jacobs relies on in her narrative is the effectively paradoxical relationship between diversity and homogeneity in urban environments at the time. In particular, beginning in Chapter 12 throughout Chapter 13, Jacobs is concerned greatly with debunking widely held misconceptions about urban diversity.
By creating the ghettos, African Americans were residential separated from other races. These ghettos were created to keep the African American race down. When it comes to income, most black families who lived in these certain areas were unemployed and very poor (William, 1980). Most of the jobs that were available, were far away from the ghetto, and the blacks didn’t have the requirements that were needed for that particular job. When blacks were to look for a job, it wasn’t easy because they would have to deal with racial discrimination, which was another reason why they continued to be
The street code is a very important concept when talking about the world of the inner city. In Anderson’s words, the code of the
An outburst in growth of America’s big city population, places of 100,000 people or more jumped from about 6 million to 14 million between 1880 and 1900, cities had become a world of newcomers (551). America evolved into a land of factories, corporate enterprise, and industrial worker and, the surge in immigration supplied their workers. In the latter half of the 19th century, continued industrialization and urbanization sparked an increasing demand for a larger and cheaper labor force. The country's transformation from a rural agricultural society into an urban industrial nation attracted immigrants worldwide. As free land and free labor disappeared and as capitalists dominated the economy, dramatic social, political, and economic tensions were created. Religion, labor, and race relations were questioned; populist and progressive thoughts were developed; social Darwinism and nativism movements were launched.
The South Bronx, New York City: another northern portrait of racial divide that naturally occurred in the span of less than a century, or a gradual, but systematic reformation based on the mistaken ideology of white supremacy? A quick glance through contemporary articles on The Bronx borough convey a continuation of less-than-ideal conditions, though recently politicians and city planners have begun to take a renewed interest in revitalizing the Bronx. (HU, NYT) Some common conceptions of the Bronx remain less than satisfactory—indeed, some will still express fear or disgust, while some others have expressed the fundamentally incorrect racial ideas studied here—but others recall the Bronx with fondness, calling it a once “boring” and “secure” neighborhood.(BRONX HIST JOURNAL, p. 1) What are we to do with such radically different accounts between The Bronx of yesterday, and the impoverished borough of today? If we speak in known, contemporary cultural stereotypes, then segregation is strictly a Southern design, but natural otherwise—but to record this as a natural occurrence, no different than a seasonal change or day turning to night, would be to ignore the underlying problem. The changing role of white Americans from majority to population minority in the Bronx, coupled with the borough’s title of “poorest urban county in America” (as of 2012), is the result of careful orchestration and a repeating story of economic and political gain superseding civil rights. (GONZALES, BRONX) (BRONX HIST JOURN, HARD KNOCKS IN BRONX @ poorest note ) It is not coincidence.
Throughout the article “The Code of the Streets,” Elijah Anderson explains the differences between “decent” and “street” people that can be applied to the approaches of social control, labeling, and social conflict theories when talking about the violence among inner cities due to cultural adaptations.