Auditory Processing and Schizophrenia
Auditory hallucination is a fundamental presentation observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. It is one of the frequently occurring symptoms considered to be disabling in schizophrenia, but despite vast and numerous organized studies undertaken in this area in order to comprehend the pathophysiology of auditory hallucination, little success has been realized, and it remains to be complex in research, understanding, and expressing the knowledge accrued (Kaprinis, 2008.) The auditory processing in schizophrenia seems to be different from that of normal individuals because patients inflicted with this mental illness complain of voices deep inside their heads. The voices are described as coming from an external source and are extremely disturbing to patients who lack anycontrol over them. The abnormal auditory processing is, therefore, attributed to cause the diffused personality in the patients in regard that they cannot delineate what is virtual and real in their perception of both the external and the internal environment. Their control of perceived stimuli is aberrant and very weak making the auditory hallucinations and auditory processing in patients suffering from schizophrenia a principal symptom which must be understood in order to assist these patients (Kaprinis, 2008). Hearing of voices which are nonexistent in schizophrenics occurring in the absence of auditory stimuli is considered pathology in the auditory perception because it is not what happens in healthy individuals. Several theories have been advanced in an attempt to explain and understand the phenomenon, but they are inadequate, and further research is still required in this area. The auditory processing has been s...
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The next speaker, Dr. Gottlieb investigated the hearing aspect of our senses. He investigated the interaction between our heari...
Delusion and hallucination in their different forms are the major symptom of psychotic disorders. There is a growing evidence however that these symptoms are not exclusively pathological in nature. The evidences show that both delusion and hallucination occur in a variety of forms in the general population. This paper presents and analyzes the relationship between the above major psychotic symptoms with normal anomalous experiences that resembles these symptoms in the normal population.
To determine this, three separate aural responses, with differing pathways, were tested. The test subject was blindfolded and electrodes were applied to the back of his neck. Response time data for each motor response was measured using computer software. In test one, reflex response time was measured in reaction to the sudden unexpected auditory stimulus of a popped balloon. In test two, the test subject was given auditory input and was instructed to turn his head in the direction of the sound. In the final test, the subject was instructed to turn his head left or right based on the type of auditory command he received. Based on prior knowledge of reflex arc pathways, it was hypothesized that the startle response would be the fastest, followed by the response to a sound, and then response to a verbal command. This would be due to the fact that the subject only had to respond to the sound and not perform any additional processing to differentiate between the two commands. In test three, the subject would have to interpret what the command was before they responded. This extra step in the process should lead to increased response
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N (1993). Music and spatial task performance.
Kanske, P., Heissler, J., Schönfelder, S., Forneck, J., & Wessa, M. (2013). Neural correlates of
Auditory and visual hallucinations have been occuring on and off in Ms.M’s life long before the diagnosis of schizophrenia was being made. The characteristics of the images that she described remain the same (eg. Shadow-like, human figures, moving, etc) throughout the years. However, she said that she has not been hearing voices for 2 years. It seems like the treatments she received neither lessen nor worsen her visual hallucinations but improve her auditory hallucinations. In fact, it remains doubtful regarding to the improvement in her auditory hallucinations because she was still noted talking and laughing to herself prior to this current admission. She might be actually still hearing voices and was trying to converse with the voices.
Brain Stem Reflexes refer to a process where an emotion is induced by sound or music because the fundamental acoustical characteristics of the sound or music are received by the brain stem which signals a potentially urgent and important event. Sounds that are sudden, dissonant, loud, or have fast temporal patterns induce arousal or feelings of unpleasantness in the listener (Berlyne 1971; Burt et al. 1995; Foss et al. 1989; Halpern et al. 1986). These responses show the impact of auditory sensations (music as sound in the most basic sense). Our perceptual system is continually scanning the immediate surro...
According to Chapman et al., (2000), the loss of hearing appears to be a chronic issue through...
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These differences lie in deflections of the auditory-evoked potential (e.g., the auditory N1, P2, and N2) rather than the presence of an additional posterior deflection (Goller et al., 2009). The results suggest that differences between synesthetes and others occur early in time, and that synesthesia is qualitatively different from similar effects found in infants and certain auditory-induced visual illusions in adults (Goller et al., 2009). There was no evidence that auditory stimuli caused a distinct multisensory ERP deflection in synesthetes (Goller et al., 2009). Therefore, this data do not strongly support the idea of cross- model transfer in this type of synesthesia. However, the article propose that there could be anomalous cross-activation between adjacent regions of auditory cortex and regions in the superior temporal guys/ sulcus that are implicated in audiovisual perception. It is important to consider that traditionally defined unimodal auditory areas can sometimes respond to nonauditory events, and it is possible that neurons respond to unimodal auditory stimuli (Goller et al., 2009). Therefore, such neurons that lie in or around the cortical auditory pathways, may
Several studies with terrestrial mammals have examined relationships between neural coding of single-unit and near-field onset responses and onset features of acoustic stimuli. Heil (1997a,b) measured spike
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611. doi:10.1038/365611a0
Binaural beats are an auditory illusion that is produced in the brain when two or more tones of similar frequencies are delivered dichotically through stereo headphones, causing the perception of a third wave. These beats are an emerging alternative form of therapy that has primarily been shown to improve psychological aspects of the mind, such as creativity and mood. However, more recent research has indicated that these binaural beats may also improve memory at 40 Hz and alleviate chronic pain at 4 Hz, suggesting that the effects of binaural beats may extend beyond the psychological. In order to investigate whether or not binaural beats truly affect brain and somatic function, we will study a cognitive function related to memory, and body
...orm from which to carry out further research, it is clear that it cannot be accepted as a fully working model of speech perception. Alternative theories have since been proposed, such as the Massaro’s fuzzy logic model, which suggests that speech sounds are considered in terms of how likely they are to belong to a specific category. Thus the final decision of how a sound is perceived can take into account multiple features or sources of information, including visual information. While each theory has its own strengths and weaknesses, they differ fundamentally in whether or not they believe speech to have a “special” module in the brain. As of yet, the body of evidence is not sufficient to conclusively prove or disprove either, and the answer as to how exactly listeners extract the linguistic features of speech sounds from the acoustic signal has yet to be found.
Weinberger, Norman M. “Music and the Brain.” Scientific American Special Edition 16.3 (2006): 36-43. Health Source- Consumer Edition. Web. 10 Oct. 2015.