Sanfoin's Future in Wyoming
Sainfoin, Onobrychis viciifolia is a perennial forage legume that is native to Mediterranean regions around the Black and Caspain Seas and north into Russia. Sainfoin leaves are oddly pinnate with 13-21 leaflets per leaf and produce an erect flower pink to rose in color. Sainfoin has been introduced into many other countries including Iran, Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy, Bulgaria, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Soviet Union, Poland, Norway and the United Kingdom. It is known that sainfoin has been grown in Europe for the past 450 years. New varieties of sainfoin such as ‘Eski’, ‘Remont’, ‘Renumex’, ‘Melrose’, and ‘Nova’ have been developed and introduced into the United States and Canada starting in the 1950s. (Gray, 2004, p. 2)
Sainfoin is a non-bloating legume that has nitrogen fixation capabilities and can be used in a forage mixture. Sainfoin also is extremely palatable and nutritious for all classes of livestock and wildlife. Livestock actually prefer sainfoin even when other plants species are readily available. Other uses include wildlife habitat restoration, wildlife food plots or as a legume component in the conservation reserve program (CRP). Sainfoin is often compared to alfalfa based on its nitrogen fixation, forage capabilities, and nutritional value. The main advantages of sainfoin are the earlier maturation rate, non-bloating qualities, resistance to the alfalfa weevil and higher digestible nutrients when compared to alfalfa. Another important advantage over alfalfa is that sainfoin is resistant to the root rot phase. The earlier maturation allows for earlier spring forage for grazing and hay cutting which is beneficial to livestock operations (Gray, 2004, p. 2).
Sainfoin is primarily used as a hay or pasture crop and has many characteristics beneficial to farming and ranching operations in the western states such as Wyoming, North and South Dakota, Montana and New Mexico where annual precipitation in generally low. Sainfoin is very drought resistant and does better in cold soils than alfalfa (Stannard, M). It is also shown that sainfoin thrives in soils with a pH 7.0 to 8.0 that are too dry for clover and alfalfa. Sainfoin is longer lived in dryland applications opposed to irrigated land but generally needs re-seeding every five to six years. Another interesting positive side-affect about sainfoin is the relationship it shares with honey and leaf cutting bees. The large pink flower attracts these insects and on top of producing large amounts of high quality honey, the sainfoin showed increased seed production when the bees were present.
Sheshadri, T. (2001, December 26). Student recognized for agricultural acumen. The San Diego Union Tribune, N1-4. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.
I see now after reading Oklahoma why this musical has remained so popular throughout the years. I’ve always found it easier to watch a musical as opposed to reading one. However, the lively, upbeat tempo of the musical really made me feel that I was watching it.
opportunity. Loads of animals and fertile farm land were enticing enough for people to follow. The land known as the frontier was full of danger, however. Intense heat, predators and territorial Indians guarded the large amount of wealth in the west. Cowboys Westward Expansion Cowboys in the Old West were not all giddy and heroic. They had jobs to do that were difficult and did not have a lot of leisure time. On the silver screen, cowboys were portrayed as old, fighting men. In reality, they were usually just reaching adulthood and did not have their own family. Although there were not many African American and Hispanic cowboys in the movies, they made up a large amount of the cowboys in reality. During the spring, cowboys would move
1. The Sioux tribe has been through so much by the hands of the United States Government. On April 29th, 1869, the US government and the Standing Rock signed a treaty "Fort Laramie," this doctrine gave boundaries to the Standing Rock's reservation being the 46th parallel latitude and 104th parallel longitude. By 1868 Congress further reduced Sioux land, but when gold was discovered in the Black Hills and the Gold Rush started people from all over went onto the reservation, directly violating the treaty. The Sioux nation went to war with the US cavalry, on June 15, 1876, there was a battle that occurred were the Lakota and their allies won a battle against the 7th cavalry. The Lakota's win would not last they would soon have to surrender when
Others include birds, butterflies, and the wind; however, honey bees, by far, are the best at pollinating plants. Collecting pollen is their whole life’s purpose, according to Michigan State University’s article, “Native Plants and Ecosystem Services”. Over one hundred forty three million acres of plants in America are sprayed with a bee-killing insecticide that has been banned in Europe by the European Food Safety Authority (Sarich). Promote ecological farming, and ban all bee-harming pesticides.
This article is a comical recollection of a young college student’s trip to Jackson Hole, Wyoming entitled “Whiteout in Wyoming”. He uses a journal entry structure and rhetorical appeals to enable his audience to clearly perceive his perception that Wyoming is white. Through his whole vacation there is snow everywhere, and he only encounters one minority, who I kind of got the feeling that the author didn’t consider him a “real” minority, or a minor enough minority.
The American frontier is strongly eminent from the European frontier. And yet, as one studies the history of the American frontier, the Europeans played a ‘key’ role in settlement. When the Europeans entered the belt of the Atlantic Ocean, and stepped onto the sandy shores of the American coast, one wonders. How did they transform into an American, so different in contrast from the demanding, harsh environment of Europe? They brought the European ‘germ’ with them, and as years moved on, it developed into the American germ-full of independence and a stubborn resolve.
This essay has therefore discussed the most popular classes of plant chemical defences, namely terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen-based defences and allelopathy. The effects of these defences on herbivores has also been touched on. Many of these compounds produced by plants have later been extracted by humans for use as insecticides. Compounds such as tannins are also used in the wine industry. These chemicals thus have a very strong economic influence.
Ficus sycomorus (F. sycomorus) Linn belongs to the family Moraceae, comprising of about 40 genera and over 1,400 species of trees, shrubs, vine and herbs, often with milky latex juices. The plant is usually found near streams in many African countries. F. sycomorus tree grows up to 20 m with widely spreading branches and crown. F. sycomorus leaves are heart-shaped with a round apex, 14 cm long by 10 cm wide. The flowering and fruiting usually occurs from July to December and its foliage is widely consumed by sheep and cattle (Sarg et al., 2011). F. sycomorus is used in Nigeria, Niger, Mali, South Africa, Guinea, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Ethiopia and
Furthermore, as the Liliaceae family is primarily ornamental they have a significant commercial value i...
The Bradyrhizobium microbes settle the mass shrub’s origin scheme and reason the ancestries to form nodes to household the microorganisms. The microbes then activate to hit the nitrogen obligatory by the plant. Admission to the secure nitrogen lets the vegetable to harvest foliage encouraged with nitrogen that can be cast-off through the plant. This permits the plant to upsurge photosynthetic bulk, which in go harvests nitrogen-rich seed. The costs of leguminous plant not being nodulated can be fairly affected, particularly when the floras are full-grown in nitrogen-poor earth. The subsequent floras are typically chlorosis, low in nitrogen gratified, and harvest very slight kernels.
S. vulgaris are known as opportunistic feeders -- they eat whatever is available, but favor fruit crops. In 1992, starlings were one of the major bird species to damage a minimum of $4.4 million worth of grapes in the United States.(Linz, Homan, Gaulker, Penry, & Bleier, 2007) In order to reduce crop consumption, the United States Department of Agriculture has been conducting studies to test the efficacy of various deterrents placed on crops and pellets. These deterrents took advantage of the starlings’ lack of sucrase, an enzyme that is needed to break down sucrose. Adding anthraquinone-based repellents to sweet corn and blueberry among other foods was indicated to have been increasingly effective at repellency as the dosages increased.(Tupper, et al., 2014) European Starlings are voracious consumers of all crops, but additives may provide a method to reduce loss of developing
Sesame is a short-day plant but also grows well in long-day areas. It thrives best on moderately fertile and well-drained soils (pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.0) and is sensitive to salinity. (Vossen & Mkamilo, 2007) Sesame can be produced both by smallholders and at larger industrial scale. Its production is mainly concentrated in area between northern and southern of equator latitude 45 degree, covering tropical to subtropical regions. The main producers are China, India, Myanmar in Asia, and Sultan, Uganda, Nigeria in Africa and Mexico and Guatemala in South America. Weather condition impact heavily the sesame production regardless of drought or heavy rain. The sesame yield in these countries
The myth of the frontier applies to the romanticism of the west frontier where the unsettled land and the unlimited resources nurture immigrants into individuals with pioneering spirits. Similarly, the optimistic vision of the myth of progress on the tech frontier raises the deification of technology development. As Frederick Jackson Turner suggested in "Frontier Thesis" that the West was a "purifying and liberating force" that transformed Americans into innovative individuals with restless energy, the worship of enterprising spirits fueled the myth of progress on the tech frontier where people fantasized about infinite advantages of technology advancement with a belief that progress is always favorable (Colombo 215).
Since the plant’s domestication the sunflower has been one of the most important crops in production that is native to North America, comparable to maize and wheat. The sunflower, what was once a plant utilized only in the Americas is now one of the most widely and diversely recognized used plant species in the world.