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political social economic impacts of the great depression essay
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Roosevelt and Hoover
The Great Depression drastically changed America's definition of Liberalism. Prior to the onset of the depression, in the roaring twenties, policies of laissez-faire were considered liberal, radical, revolutionary, and even democratic. This was due to the fact that revolution was a horrifying notion and not until after the laissez-faire and the system of free market fails in the 1920's do people begin to look about for alternatives. The time when people starting to seek alternatives was at the onset of the depression when America's political views drastically change. As the Great Depression, started in 1929, America began to view conservatives as following the policies of social Darwinism, laissez-faire, and having small governments. In contrast, liberals were seen as following polices of having more government regulation and large governments. Thus because the Great Depression started and America's views of liberalism changed, Hoover was seen as a conservative and Franklin D. Roosevelt as a liberal despite occasional occasions where they supported polices not characterized as liberal or conservative.
Due to the fact that the Great Depression changed the definition of liberalism, President Herbert Hoover began as a liberal but by the end of his term was considered a conservative although occasionally advocating liberal policies. When Hoover came into office big business flourished attributable to prior Republican presidents of Harding and Coolidge. Hoover kept the government from intervening in the economy because of the success of the big businesses, the public's fear of revolution, and the public being contentment with the politics. In addition, the invention of the production line, which in...
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...r from the Depression until World War II.
Roosevelt administration and Roosevelt can be characterized as liberal seeing that he quickly passed measures of legislations to create recovery, relief, and reform for the nation by today's standards and standards of the 1930s even though there were occasional conservative notions like the balanced budget. However Hoover's characterization from liberal to conservative changed consequently during the depression. Hoover ideas changed from opposing government intervention in the economy to reluctantly supporting government inception for employment such as the RFC. Thus because the Great Depression started and America's views of liberalism changed, Hoover was seen as a conservative and Franklin D. Roosevelt as a liberal despite occasional occasions where they supported polices not characterized as being liberal or conservative.
Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt belonged to two different political parties, so it was inevitable that the two would handle the great depression differently. President Hoover, a republican, dealt with the depression in a more conservative manner; in his eyes, the federal government should not intervene. President Roosevelt was a Democrat during the great depression that took initiative and created governmental agencies to create jobs and therefore create and complete public service and infrastructure projects. President Roosevelt dealt with the depression in a better manner than Hoover.
...pression. It was this that created Hoover’s conservative image. Moreover, Hoover's opinions changed from being against any government interference in the economy to being in support of the government encouraging employment by creating more jobs. Hoover differed from most presidents represented in Schlesinger's theory because touched upon private interest, transition, and public purpose, all within the one term of his presidency. Roosevelt was falsely credited with ending the Great Depression as a result of the success of his many programs instituted with the purpose of fighting against unemployment. He is therefore recognized by many as the more effective of the two presidents, which would then indicate that liberalism was more effectual than conservative ideas. However, in reality, Roosevelt was little more successful than Hoover in ending the Great Depression.
The stock market crash of 1929 set in motion a chain of events that would plunge the United States into a deep depression. The Great Depression of the 1930's spelled the end of an era of economic prosperity during the 1920's. Herbert Hoover was the unlucky president to preside over this economic downturn, and he bore the brunt of the blame for the depression. Hoover believed the root cause of the depression was international, and he therefore believed that restoring the gold standard would ultimately drag the United States out of depression by reviving international trade. Hoover initiated many new domestic works programs aimed at creating jobs, but it seemed to have no effect as the unemployment rate continued to rise. The Democrats nominated Franklin Roosevelt as their candidate for president in 1932 against the incumbent Hoover. Roosevelt was elected in a landslide victory in part due to his platform called "The New Deal". This campaign platform was never fully explained by Roosevelt prior to his election, but it appealed to the American people as something new and different from anything Hoover was doing to ameliorate the problem. The Roosevelt administration's response to the Great Depression served to remedy some of the temporary employment problems, while drastically changing the role of the government, but failed to return the American economy to the levels of prosperity enjoyed during the 1920's.
Because of the plague known as the Great Depression, Herbert Hoover is often seen as one of the worst presidents in American history. He enacted policies such as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that flushed America deeper into the depression. Hoover didn't understand that to solve a crisis such as a depression, he needed to interact directly with the people by using programs such as social security and welfare. Instead, Hoover had the idea that if he were to let the depression run its course, it would eventually end. There are three things that can be used to define Hoover's presidency during the depression, his actions, his mentality toward fixing things, and the fact that he helped pave the way for the “New Deal”
Thus, while Roosevelt can definitely be characterized as a liberal by today's standards and the standards of the 1930's, Hoover's characterization changed as the public's view of a liberal quickly became a conservative during the depression. Furthermore, Hoover's ideas changed from opposing government intervention in the economy to supporting government incentives for employment. Unlike most presidents (under Schlesinger's theory) Hoover experienced private interest, transition, and public purpose within the one term of his presidency.
The Great Depression wreaked havoc on the economy, and in light of this President Hoover and President Franklin D Roosevelt Both initiated programs and policies to counter act the effects, however both had very different approaches with varying degree of efficacy. Through their actions, the American people would generally perceive both men quite differently, and cultivated fear in direct respect to both men's approach--both men would earn their critics as the long term effects played out. Hoover and FDR had fairly opposite approaches to solving this horrid depression.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt is commonly thought of as a liberal and President Herbert C. Hoover as a conservative. To what extent are these characterizations valid?
President Hoover was part of the Republican Party. He took office in 1929 when the American economy was at its high and when he left it reached its twentieth century low. The Great Depression occurred and he sprang into action by calling a White House conference of business and labor leaders and recommended that they accompany in the voluntary plan for recovery meaning businesses would maintain the same and all the workers would still have jobs. Also labor would keep the same wages, hours, and conditions. But after a few months the plan did not work out and the demand for products started to decrease which meant that they had to cut production, wages and lay off some of the workers, causing the economy to decline.
Historians claim that Hoovers term during the depression was filled with false promises and accuse the president of doing nothing while the depression worsened. Along with worsening the debt and a fairly aggressive use of government it is clear his approach towards the situation was not the best. FDR’s approach would prove during his administration to suffice in the augmentation of the crisis. Although it seemed like a completely opposite presidency, many ideas came from his predecessor. Roosevelt’s team of advisors understood that much of what they produced and fashioned into the New Deal owed its origins to Hoover’s policies.
...y new ideas, presidents after him felt they had a lot to live up to. Franklin D. Roosevelt “cast a long shadow on successors” with his New Deal program. Conservatives were constantly worried about the loss of their capitalist economy, but it is possible that Roosevelt’s greatest New Deal achievement is the fact he never allowed America to completely abandon democracy or turn to socialism or communism. Many New Deal programs fixed economic problems but did not completely solve social ones surrounding equality and discrimination. New Deal programs took radical steps while moving toward government regulation and intervention causing conservatives to fear concentrated power, but the steps and transformations Roosevelt made while in office preserved conservatives’ need of capitalism and democracy in government, defining the New Deal as both radical and conservative.
One of Hoover’s famous quotes was “if a man has not made a million dollars by the time he is forty, then he is not worth much” (Egan, 2006) before the Great depression. How disheartening this would be to hear as a farmer struggling to make ends meet being sold worthless land provided within the United States and then less than a year later the depression starts. Hoover during the depression believed in patience and self-reliance. He felt that the depression and the change in the economy was something that will come and go and it wasn’t the government’s responsibility to intervene. Luckily when a leader was elected, President Roosevelt came up with the new deal. The new deal effected American history by setting forth programs between the years 1933-1938. Roosevelts addressed that there wasn’t enough circling money. While on the radio for the first time which changed the way America does business he told listeners “they could pull their savings out of mattresses and beneath the floor. The government would back there dollars”, If they put it in the bank. He also advocated for the local farmers and ended free-market agriculture economics which would put money back into the farmer’s pockets and less wasted food. Roosevelt would have the government buy a surplus of corn, meat and distribute it to the poor, unlike Hoover. Roosevelt didn’t want to take away the American peoples dignity so he came up
Herbert Hoover the president at this current time believed that the government should not directly intervene in the economy and wasn't responsible for making jobs for it's people. He and other leaders believed the crisis would simply run its course and they would all be able to return to their normal lives.11 By 1932 things had not gotten any better and Hoover was replaced in an overwhelming victory by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt took immediate action to the country’s economic problems by issuing legislation aimed at stabilizing industry and agriculture, create jobs, and stimulate recovery. He created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect people's accounts and the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate and prevent abuse in the stock market. He also created Tennessee Valley Authority and Works Project Administration.12 By 1939 Roosevelt's New Deal increased the GDP to $92.2 billion dollars, but unemployment was still at 17.2%. (See Table 1, U.S. GDP) (See Table 2, U.S. Unemployment Rate) But, that all changed on December 7, 1941 when Japan attacked P...
President Hoover tried to fix what the Great Depression has caused but he was not extremely successful. Hoover had only been in office for seven months when the stock market crashed; he believed in a limited a role for government and worried that excessive federal intervention posed a threat to capitalism and individualism (“Herbert Hoover”). Hoover tried a variety of measures he adjusted taxes, asked industries not to cut wages, and pushed for public works projects, but as the depression deepened people began to blame Hoover. They even made shantytowns that were called “Hoovervilles” (“The Great Depression” Gale). President Hoover quickly became the nation’s scapegoat for the severe economic crisis that followed the stock market crash (“The New Deal”). A few of Hoover’s programs that he introduced became key components of later relief efforts (“Herbert Hoover”). Franklin Delano Roosevelt soon was elected and became the president; he came up with the New Deal that was a major key in the conclusion of The Great Depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as president in the 1932 election (“Franklin Delano Roosevelt”). Roosevelt initiated a variety of programs to revive the economy with various levels of success (“The Great Depression” Gale). Although Roosevelt gave few details about his plan, he indicated that he would focus on
Roosevelt’s administration implemented extensive public work programs that drove down the unemployment rate and busted morale. Although most of the New Deal programs no longer exist today, there were some policies that were integral to the advancement of American society. The most notable of these was the Social Security Act of 1935 Social security helped expand the governmental role of the president and was the blueprint for future welfare programs. Be that as it may, the changes during the 1930s were rudimentary. The most influential thing Roosevelt did was revolutionize the democratic party to reflect a more modern portrait of liberal ideology. The formation of the progressive, left-leaning, democratic party that exists today flourished under Roosevelt. Overall, however, to say that his policies were fundamental is quite disputable. The reasoning for this argument is that Roosevelt viewed the economy as a monolithic entity. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins said herself that Roosevelt wasn’t familiar with economic theory and he comprehended wealth at the most elementary of levels. Roosevelt concluded that the way to fix the economy was by solving the problem of under-consumption. However, what Roosevelt failed to recognize was that economic prosperity was an intersectional issue. Race and gender played astronomical roles in economic stability. Even Roosevelt’s own wife,
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 caused the Great Depression, allowing Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt to take some action as president. Hoover however did much less than FDR. Roosevelt was fully prepared for action as soon as he took office unlike Herbert Hoover, who has been said to be a “do-nothing” president. Luckily with Roosevelt’s efforts, his Bank Holiday, and the New Deal the U.S. was taken out of the depression and the federal government became much more involved in people’s everyday economic and social lives.