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importance of literacy and numeracy to the society
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Summary
In this paper I will be talking about the Roman Numerals, a system that started showing up in the early 500 B.C. This system consists in symbols used to represent different numbers, most of these symbols have a meaning behind that has to do with using the hands. Just as we have rules in our system they also had their own rules that needed to be followed. They developed a way to write numbers in a larger way by placing bars in different places when writing a number, this meant that the number was being multiplied by a certain quantity. Addition and Subtraction is a method like the one we use now a day but they had their own way to work it out. The Roman numerals did not include a zero in their system because supposedly it was not necessary.
Roman numerals began showing up in the early 500 B.C. This system was developed to communicate. Some of these symbols have a meaning behind like number “I” which is one finger and represents number one, “V” which is number five since our hand makes kind of like a V shape starting from our thumb to our pinky. “X” means ten and since five plus five is ten and if you put two Vs together they make a X. “M” comes from the Latin “mille” which means thousand, “C” also from Latin “centum” which is hundred. It is very impressive how romans came up with their system, they just applied knowledge and imagination by looking at their hands.
Just as every system has rules, there are also very important and basic rules for roman numerals that must be followed. Numbers go from left to right, the only numbers on the left that can be subtracted are, “I”, “X” or “C”. Only one number can be subtracted, for example if you are trying to write twenty seven you cannot write it like this, XXIIIX ...
... middle of paper ...
... they would have to do is add a line at the beginning and another line at the end. The lines mean that the number is being multiplied by hundred. Here is the same number multiplied by hundred.
_______
| XVIII | This is the presentation of the number 1,800,000 since the number now has the three bars which means that in total is being multiplied by a hundred thousand.
In my opinion knowing the Roman numerals is very important because as of today we still find this system in our everyday life. Whenever we need to know the time we turn and we might see an analogue clock with roman numbers. We find them in text books as the information that we are reading is being categorized and the same while taking a test that contains multiple questions. When we are watching TV they appear at the end a movie or a TV show we even see them in sports like in the Super Bowl.
1. Tim Cornell, John Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World, Facts On File Inc, 1982. (pg.216)
From that fundamental step, many cultures have built their own number systems, usually as a written language with similar conventions. The Babylonians, the Mayans, and the people of India, for example, indented essentially the same way of writing large numbers as a sequence of digits that we use, although they lived far apart in space and time (155).
There were many reasons that led to the decline of Rome. rome was once a large empire in Europe, Africa, and Asia. in 117 CE, Rome was at its peak and was the strongest empire in the world. Just a few centuries later, the empire no longer existed. The roman empire collapsed because it was colossal, emperors were dying left and right, and a very common laziness roamed the lands.
Though when asked what number is ten less than 408 Joe answered “three hundred and ninety two”. Joe being unable to give the number that is ten less of 408 displays a misconception of the base ten number system and the role the tens play, Burns (2010). Joe did not display the understanding that 408 is 40 tens and 8 ones and when one ten is removed he is left with 39 tens and 8 ones giving him the answer of 398. This misconception was displayed again when Joe declared he was unable to partition 592. Joe could not see 592 as 4 hundreds, 19 tens and 2 ones or 5 hundreds, 8 tens and 12 ones. In addition to the misconception of the base ten number system and the role the tens play Joe displayed a misunderstanding of early multiplicative thinking. Joe was asked how many times bigger is 300 than 3 and how many times bigger is 300 than 30. Joe answered the multiplicative questions using subtraction giving the answers 297 and 270, respectively. The use of subtraction implies that Joe sees multiplication as addition and does not relate multiplication with division, Booker et al. (2014). Joe did not make the connection that 3 goes into 300 one hundred times therefore 300 is one hundred times bigger than 3. The same connection was not made for the second question, 30 goes into 300 ten times therefore 300 is ten times bigger than 30. At this point in the interview it was clear what areas of
"Law of the Twelve Tables." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. .Donn, Mr. "The Twelve Tables - Ancient Rome for Kids." The Twelve Tables - Ancient Rome for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. http://rome.mrdonn.org/12tables.html"Roman Law." N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. http://chip.choate.edu/
Roman civic establishments have molded thoughts in critical fields of arithmetic, science, design, logic, art and literature among others. All things considered, the best impact is on government and religion. Vote based system and Christianity are the two noteworthy improvements in present day history and their advancement is followed in Rome. Despite the fact that this strong realm fell numerous years back, it cleared out a legacy that will stand until the end of
Heichelheim, Fritz, Cedric A. Yeo, and Allen M. Ward. A History Of The Roman People. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1984.
Due to the constraint of the plebeians, the council of decemviri “was created with the task of regularizing and publishing the laws” (Spielvogel 118). The outcome of this was the creation of the Twelve Tables, published around 450 B.C. which only “led to further agitation from the plebeians” (Spielvogel 118). The benefits of this were t...
Tubbs, Robert. What is a Number? Mathematical Concepts and Their Origins. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins
Legend has it that Rome was founded Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, the god of war. Left to drown in a basket on the Tiber River and rescued by a she-wolf. They found their own city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. Romulus killed his brother and then became the first king of Rome, which is named for him. (History.com). Early Rome was governed by kings, but only after seven kings, the Romans took power of their city and ruled themselves. They created a council known as the senate which ruled over them, the Roman Republic. Roman-Empire.net states that “The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin (the language of the Romans) words 'res publica' which mean 'public matters' or 'matters of state'” (http://www.roman-empire.net/children/history.html) The senate would appoint a consul who ruled over Rome like a king, but for only a year. These consuls would always rule carefully and not as tyrants because they knew that once they served their year, they could be punished by the next consul. Rome had four social classes as stated by Roman-Empire.net that were called “Slaves, Plebeians, Equestrians and Patricia...
Prior to the 15th century, Italy was still using roman numerals. Solving mathematical problems with roman numerals was problematic to the Venetian merchants of the time. Sometime during the 15th century, Venetian merchants began using Arabic numbers. Arabic numbers made mathematics much easier. (Kestenbaum, 2012)
Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones. Understand the following as special cases:
The prominence of numeracy is extremely evident in daily life and as teachers it is important to provide quality assistance to students with regards to the development of a child's numeracy skills. High-level numeracy ability does not exclusively signify an extensive view of complex mathematics, its meaning refers to using constructive mathematical ideas to “...make sense of the world.” (NSW Government, 2011). A high-level of numeracy is evident in our abilities to effectively draw upon mathematical ideas and critically evaluate it's use in real-life situations, such as finances, time management, building construction and food preparation, just to name a few (NSW Government, 2011). Effective teachings of numeracy in the 21st century has become a major topic of debate in recent years. The debate usually streams from parents desires for their child to succeed in school and not fall behind. Regardless of socio-economic background, parents want success for their children to prepare them for life in society and work (Groundwater-Smith, 2009). A student who only presents an extremely basic understanding of numeracy, such as small number counting and limited spatial and time awareness, is at risk of falling behind in the increasingly competitive and technologically focused job market of the 21st Century (Huetinck & Munshin, 2008). In the last decade, the Australian curriculum has witness an influx of new digital tools to assist mathematical teaching and learning. The common calculator, which is becoming increasing cheap and readily available, and its usage within the primary school curriculum is often put at the forefront of this debate (Groves, 1994). The argument against the usage of the calculator suggests that it makes students lazy ...
The history of math has become an important study, from ancient to modern times it has been fundamental to advances in science, engineering, and philosophy. Mathematics started with counting. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000B.C. A place value notation system had evolved over a lengthy time with a number base of 60. Number problems were studied from at least 1700B.C. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems.
In the Roman civilization there was no symbol for zero. Romans used the word “nulla” for an empty space. The word nulla meant “nothing”; what our common day zero means. Romans had a very unorganized number system. It was full of flaws. With no use of zero, there was absolutely no way for counting above several thousand units. When the Roman Empire fell in 300 A.D., the introduction and adaptation of Arabic numerals, today's decimal numbers, took place. Thus, the invention of zero, nothing, was a huge leap forward in Roman history.