The objective of norm in American, by Michael Schudson, explores how and why the objective norms developed in American journalism. Objective is one of the most important occupational values of American journalism, it can be identified by following measures: express allegiance, ethnographers’ observations and occupational routines, resist with the challenging behaviour, impersonality and non-partisanship in news content. Differencing from some scholars’ opinions that economic and technological change enhances the ethic of objective, Schudson thinks four conditions encourage the articulation of norms. Two of them are Durkheimian, the other two are Weberian. One of the Durkheimian conditions thinks the emergence of norm is to achieve horizontal solidarity, another Durkheimian condition find the norm is used to identify the group from other groups. Both Durkheimian conditions are concluded as social cohesion. The Weberian conditions find norm is not appear abruptly, they are transfer from the old generation, who were benefit from these rules, to the young generation. It is the tool for the superiors to control subordinates in a complex organization. Weberian condition is to satisfy the need of social control. By discussing the history of American journalism development, this essay outlining the emergence of these four conditions in the late 19th and early 20th century. By doing so, the author found the reason why a new moral norm appeared in American journalism. Compared with European journalism, this article discusses why objectivity as a norm first and most fully appears in American instead of Europe.
The author provides a rough timeline of the objective norm emerging in American journalism, and explains the inner origin of these co...
... middle of paper ...
...p.150). That is why the objective fact existing before 1920s is not the objective norms, and the economical motivation theory is not justified. However, in the attitude to economical motivation, the opinion of the author is too extreme. He thought this theory is wildly believed but nowhere justified (p.160). The over criticising of economical motivation leads the author just focus on the inner motivation of the objective norm from the perspective group development and ignores the importance of outer elements such as economic condition. This limitation causes lopsided of this article.
The author brings us to review the historical development of American journalism and analyse the social motivation of objective norm emergence. Some opinion of other scholar were presented and criticized. In conclusion, this article is a significant guide to American journalism research.
I say this because there were points in which I personally could not really understand what was going on due to my lack of exposure to this problem that American journalism is facing. More specifically, terminology that was used, especially from business standpoints, and the different companies that were involved made it harder to keep up with the issue at hand. However, with a little editing and better explanation of terminology, I think that this film could extend to a wide audience that would include both digital natives and digital immigrants that are experiencing this transition within American news reporting. This paper will examine the difference between old and new journalism and its new standards, “The New York Times Effect” and its 21st century challenges, important qualifications to be a successful journalist, and the future role of journalism within American society.
Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism'." Morning Edition, 6 May 2004. Research in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=mlin_s_stoughs&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA162002725&asid=f0d20e3c9c540a2764da9684197c1273. Accessed 5 Apr. 2017.
Social Norms in America They hold us together as a culture, while separating us as unique individuals at the same time. Folkways, which are based more on custom and etiquette, are the most broken of all norms. This can be explained because in the worst case scenario our only reprimand may be someone staring or talking about us. Mores, while a little more serious than folkways, still don’t have a very serious punishment, just maybe a little more than weird looks, double takes and bad mouthing.
Theses and Professional Projects from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications. Paper 2. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/2
In “Reporting the News” by George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry, the main idea is how the media determines what to air, where to get said stories that will air, how the media presents the news, and the medias effect on the general public. “Reporting The News” is a very strong and detailed article. The authors’ purpose is to inform the readers of what goes on in the news media. This can be inferred by the authors’ tone. The authors’ overall tone is critical of the topics that are covered. The tone can be determined by the authors’ strong use of transitions, specific examples, and phrases or words that indicate analysis. To summarize, first, the authors’ indicate that the media chooses its stories that will air
In his editorial "Words Triumph Over Images," Curtis Wilkie blames today’s media for being “reckless” and “a mutant reality show”. He believes that television and radio are “unfiltered”, which causes the quality of journalism for newspapers to be unmatched. Yet, it is unfair to label all media that is not print as lesser because the quality of any media relies on the viewers and the individual journalists, and in drastic situations like a hurricane, reporters may have many road blocks. Any of these aspects can affect the quality of journalism, which invalidates Curtis Wilkie’s claim.
It could be argued that Germany is the "birthplace of European intellectual journalism"¹. However, media in Germany has had to endure frustration and trauma in achieving such high standing in the journalistic world; suffering the "fragmentation of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries"¹, restrictions born of censorship and political control of the "long period of stultifying authoritarianism and relative economic stagnation"¹ of that time. Moreover, the Bismarck period, despite the first government thereof introducing the allegedly "'liberating' [sic]" `Reichspressegesetz' (Imperial Press Law) "was hardly liberal... Above all, the limited `liberalisation' of the press law reflected the rising power and influence of the industrial and commercial middle classes"². However, it would be the effects of the dictatorship and censorship of the Third Reich that would ultimately shatter, and the Allied Occupation of Germany which would help rebuild and redevelop the media of the defeated country. In this essay, I intend to outline the fundamental principles which aided the development of the media in Western Germany, with particular emphasis on press media, during the time of the Allied occupation up until approximately 1955.
“In The American Society” is a story written by Gish Jen describing the Chang Family. The Chang family is a small Chinese family with a father (Ralph), mother and two daughters (Callie and Mona), and the father owns a pancake house. Ralph and his wife opened up a pancake house to invest money for their daughter’s college. Gish describes how this philanthropic Chinese father doesn’t like or want to be part of American society, but wants his daughters and encourages them to be part of American Society, but in his own version. In the story the father loves his daughters and wants them to be a part of his own “society”, which is America, but backwards. Mr.Chang wants and thinks he will be fine with his own rules, laws, and his own society; in other words, pretty much being in his own pool; meanwhile, his family wants to be a part and become accepted by American society. Towards the end of the story the two daughters had this plan about getting a membership in the local country club and how they think that it will help them be successful in American society. Mrs. Chang doesn’t think it’s a bad idea, but realize Ralph would have to wear a jacket, and his not the type of guy who thinks he needs to dress nice. The family arrived to the American tradition party and get treated like servant’s and get disrespected because they are Chinese, and goes through a series of events: the family is ask to take dishes, get looked
"Corporate Takeover of the Media." From Inquiry to Academic Writing: A Text and Reader. By Stuart Greene and April Lidinsky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin 's, 2008. 931-33. Print.
Woodward and Bernstein's undertaking constructed the cornerstone for the modern role of the media. The making of the movie about the Watergate Scandal and the ventures of the two journalists signify the importance of the media. The media’s role as intermediary is exemplified throughout the plot of the movie. The movie is the embodiment of journalism that guides future journalists to progress towards the truth, no matter what they are going up against. It was the endeavor of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein that led them to the truth behind the president’s men. They showed that not even the president is able to deter the sanctity of journalism in its search of truth. The freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, and people’s right to know account for the same truth that journalists pursue; the truth that democracy is alive and will persist to live on.
The Prime Minister of Spain once told an American, “The newspapers in your country seem to be more powerful than the government.” This statement was never more true than in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. The rulers of the New York newspaper empire, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, battled against one another in the ultimate test of journalism. With a real war on the horizon, these men fought to produce the most sensational stories Americans had ever read; and, as a result, they brought forth a new age in the American newspaper business, an age of fighting for the little guy, and beating back tyranny one paper at a time.
Bates, Stephen. “The Reporter’s Privilege, Then and Now.” Society Aug. 2001: 41-54. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 March. 2014.
In order to understand new media, one must first have a solid background of the old media. The old media traces its origins back to the “elite or partisan press [that] dominated American journalism in the early days of the republic” (Davis 29). With the advent of the penny press around 1833, the press changed its basic purpose and function from obtaining voters for its affiliated political party to making profit (Davis 29). With more available papers, individual companies competed with each other with “muckraking journalism”—investigative journalism exposing corruption—and “yellow journalism”—sensationalist journalism that completely disregarded the facts (Davis 30). The press continued to evolve its journalistic approaches and next shifted to “lapdog journalism,” r...
"Journalism Ethics Online Journalism Ethics Gatekeeping." Journalism Ethics for the Global Citizen. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. .
In order to see how globalisaiotn is important to business journalism, we will focus on how Internet affects industrial norms of business journalism. In the following, we will first discuss how the new media contributes to the business journalism, and then we will discuss how globalisation changes the business journalism in aspects of professionalism, industrial competition and variety of news.