REVERSE ROUTING HEADER (RRH): RRH [7] uses the mechanism of source routing technique to route the packets in optimal path for the nested mobile networks, while sending the packets from MNN to CN. The Mobile Router (MR) which is connected to MNN allocates 'n' number of RRH's to the previous Mobile Router (MR) along with the tunnel header.
The last Mobile Router (MR) inserts its home address in slot 1. The destination address of the outer IPv6 header is the HA of last Mobile Router (MR), and the source address is the care-of address of last MR. When the packet arrives at previous Mobile Router (MR) the Mobile Router (MR) swaps the source address with its care-of address, and records the original source address in next slot of the RRH it is similar for all Mobile Router (MR) that is connected in nested mobile network. The packet is then tunneled to the HA of 'n'th MR. Once 'n'th MR HA receives this packet, it notices the RRH and finds the packet being tunneled from the 'n'th MR. the HA then decapsulates and forwards the packet to CN [8].
The HA also creates a Binding Cache for 'n'th MR, including the entries recorded in the RRH and the source address of the outer IPv6 header. This Binding Cache allows packets to the MNN to be tunneled using the RRH for the opposite direction. The RRH protocol leaves the MNN and the CN untouched and only the intermediate MRs and the HA are required with the modification. RRH protocol offers the optimal route while achieving security equivalent to the NEMO Basic Support protocol.
RECURSIVE BINDING UPDATE (RBT) : Recursive Binding Update is helpful to utilize the binding information of the MR contained in the binding cache of the CN. When the CN wants to send a packet to the Visiting Mobile Node (V...
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...sed to simulate both the scenarios. From the simulated scenario the output is recorded in a separate file with .tr extension. From the resultant file the total number of packets transferred, total number of packets dropped, packets source and destination node were predicted. The data is given in Table 1.
The following XGRAPH (Figure - 4) shows the Packet Loss during the packet transfer in the existing system. The total number of packet lost during packet transfer from correspondent node to the mobile network node is plotted in y axis and the time is plotted in x axis. The packets that are dropped are represented by dots. The dots are over crowded which depicts that the packet loss in the existing system is high. As the packet loss increases the quality of service decreases. Increased packet loss causes jitters and poor video display which is annoying for the user.
Localization-free routing protocols: the protocol does not require the full-dimensional location information, all it need is the depth information of each node. The most popular routing protocol in this class is Depth-Based Routing (DBR) [1] protocol. (section 4)
Routing scheme means to find a path from once place to another on which packets can travel. In most of the cases, we need multiple routers in order to route the packet to the destination. Routing contains three elements:
3) In the Drop_NoFast scenario, obtain the overlaid graph that compares Sent Segment Sequence Number with Received Segment ACK Number for Server_West. Explain the graph.
For the west subnet, one ethernet_server and one ethernet4_slip8_gtwy router are connected with a bidirectional 100 BaseT link. The attributes of the server are shown in the picture
The first end system requires to transmit the packet to the third link = L/R3
TCP/IP is a client/server model. The communication of TCP/IP is point-to-point; each communication is from point in the network to another point. TCP/IP and other applications that use TCP/IP are considered “stateless”. It is “stateless” because each request by the client is unrelated to any previous requests. The network path is freed up because of t...
IPv6 has no fixed compatibility with IPv4. Therefore, from the beginning of the introducing IPv6, several transition techniques have been provided, The IPv6 transition mechanisms are a set of rules applied in hosts and routers, with some effective strategies for addressing and deployment, which are designed to transmit from IPv4 to IPv6 or vice versa with the least interferences. But some of these techniques had not been accepted by internet technical community due to the lack of adequate technical reliabilities. The most successful and widely used transition methods probably are Dual stack, Tunneling and Translation techniques. In the Dual stack technique, both IPv4 and IPv6 can perform concurrently on the same foundation. However, they both can use the same router but not all of the IPV4 policies are supported by IPv6 and in these cases other techniques can be used (Jayasekara et al, 2012). One of these techniques is tunneling, in this method IPv6 packets will be encapsulated in IPv4 packets to transfer across an IPv4 infrastructure. Furthermore, it can be said that several different tunneling technologies have been developed to enable IPv6 connectivity across an IPv4 network and vice versa, generally they have been classified as configured or automatic (Rooney, 2011)In automatic tunnels no pre-configuration is needed and the destination address will be calculated automatically from the IPv6 next-hop address of the IPv6 route, while in configured techniques the end-point hosts will require to configure their IPv4 addresses before the communications through some other techniques such as DHCP, manual configuration...etc. (Loshin, 1999). Another popular technique is translation, in this approach a special method will be provided to...
Next, the writer goes over the second type of network architecture - the TCP/IP reference model, the granddaddy of the wide area computer network. This architecture allows the connection of multiple networks seamlessly. The architecture is flexible and capable of running even if some of the subnet hardware is destroyed or non-functional as long as the source and destination machines are functioning. In a similar fashion to the OSI model, the TCP/IP model has layers as well. In this case, we have four layers: the link
It supports the use of nested tunnels which means that multiple gateways and the tunnels can be encrypted over again.
...eed, then the node rediscovers the mesh and stable route. A forwarding node is always present in the network therefore the packet delivery ratio of proposed is high.
The TCP/IP is the most important internet operation protocol in the world. While IP protocol performs the mass of the functions which is needed for the internet to work. It does not have many capabilities which are essential and needed by applications. In TCP/IP model these tasks are performed by a pair of protocols that operate at the transport layer. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). These two protocols are vital when it comes to delivering and managing the communication of numerous applications. To pass on data streams to the proper applications the Transport layer must identify the target application. First, to be able to attain this, Transport layer assigns an application an identifier. In the TCP/IP model call this identifier a port number. Every individual software process needing to access the network is assigned a un...
Performance can be measured by the consumption of bandwidth and the flow of the traffic, throughput, data latency or delay time, packet loss and retransmission of data. Throughput is the amount of traffic a network can carry at any one time, the higher the bit rate, the faster files transfer. If there is a lack ...
The next group of routing protocols utilize the exact location of the sensor nodes for the purpose of routing. The nodes geographic location can be obtained directly by using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices or indirectly through exchanging some information regarding to the signal strengths received at each node. Since the localization imposes significant computation overhead and also requires special hardware support, this approach becomes infeasible to be used in resource constrained wireless sensor networks. Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing (GEAR) and Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) can be referred as the geographic routing protocols.
The primary goal in routing multicast connections is to make efficient use of the network resources and to establish fast connections for data transmission. The network is often defined by a graph G(V,E) . Multicast routing protocols are been used in practical systems such as multicast backbone(M bone).M bone chooses the shortest path to each destination using the IP routing mechanism.Multicast routing in ATM Switch performs two basic functions such as switch and queuing.
In packet switching the data which is to be transmitted is divided into the packets. In this switching the communication path is not dedicated to one communication party but one path or link is used by the packets from different parties. During transmission the packet finds the path to the destination. The paths for the transmission are not defined from the source and they are decided when the packet has reached a certain node. The packet contains the header that carries all the information about the IP addresses of the source and the destination. With the help of this information the switches and the routers in the paths decides which hops are used to reach the specific destination.