Retrial Queues have been widely investigated in different frameworks by various researches. The pioneer work on retrial queues can be found in the work of Purohit et al(2005) and survey papers by Arteljo (2000) Choi et al. (1992) considered an M/M/1 retrial queueing system in which the retrial time has a general distribution and only the customer at the head of the queue is allowed to retry for service. There has been rapid growth in the literature on retrial queues since then. Armero et al. (1998) deals with the statistical analysis from bulk arrival queues. The focus of this investigation is on the usual measures of performance of the system in equilibrium. Rajagopalan et.al (2000) investigated stochastic modeling of a wide class of finite retrial queueing systems in a Markovian environment. Artalejo et al. (2000) considered single server retrial queues with two way communication. In this investigation, incoming calls are served at poison rate and service is followed by exponential rate and if the calls finds the server busy then they join the retrial orbit. Furthermore, he obtained asymptotic formulae for the joint stationary distribution and the factorial moments. Purohit et al. (2005) investigates an M/M/1 retrial queue with constant retrial rate, unreliable server and the threshold based recovery with state dependent arrival rates. Any arriving customer who finds the server busy, enters into the retrial orbit. The retrial policy is assumed to be independent of the number of customers in the orbit. The retrial policy is assumed to be independent of the number of customers in the orbit. The retrial policy is assumed to be independent of the number of customers the orbit. In this active breakdown which follo... ... middle of paper ... ...and Bhargava(2008):Bulk Arrival Retrial Queue with Unreliable Server and Priority Subscribers, International Journal of Operational Research, vol. 5, No 4, 242-259(2008) Gomez,Coural, Antonio(1999): Stochastic analysis of a single server retrial queue with general retrial times, Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 46(5), pp 561-581. ISSN 0894-069X Djellab(2005):On the single server Retrial queue,Yugoslav Journal of operational research, 16(2006), Number, 45-53 Li,Tao and Zaiming ,L. (2012): M/M/1 retrial queue with working vacation interruption under N policy, Cambridge Journal, vol.46, no.4, pp. 355-371. Artelejo,J.R (1999 a):A classical bibliography of research on retrial queues, Math. Comput. Model, vol. 30,pp 1-6 Kumar, Raja (2006): On Multiserver feedback retrial queue with balking and control retrial rate, Ann oper res(2006), 141:211-232.
...pinion” (Roberts, Grossman, 2012, 262). This system is successful at helping convicted persons, however, there are very few applicants. This is due to many factors including; the strenuous application process, the pride of the accused that does not want to seek “mercy”, and a lack of awareness regarding the program among inmates (Roberts, Grossman, 2012, 262).
Sets forth procedures for a judicial officer to order the release or detention of an arrested person pending trial, sentencing, and appeal
Riveland, C. (1999). Supermax Prisons: Overview and General Considerations. Retrieved August 25, 2010, from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:1a1pkDvbgh0J:nicic.gov/pubs/1999/014937.pdf+Supermax+prisons+consolidation+model&hl=en&gl=us
Cohen, Lawrence E and James R. Kluegel. "The Detention Decision: A study of the Impact of Social Characteristics and legal Factors." Social Forces September 1979: 146-177.
There are three type of sentencing models used by judges for the sentencing phase of trials; indeterminate, determinate, and mandatory. These sentencing models are used to bring justice to those who are convicted of crimes and must now live with the consequences of their actions. Justice is a word that has a different meaning to each individual person. This paper will discuss, in detail, the meaning of justice, the three types of sentencing models, the pros and cons of each model, and the impact each one has had and continues to have on corrections.
This type of legislation has been devised to allow for the detention of people based upon assessments of risk of re-offending, this essay will explore the concerns with these practices. This essay further aims to explore the moral and practical implications of such sentencing provisions and the impact it has on the whole Justice System. The writer will also address the conflicting goals of Corrections and the purpose and impact of indefinite sentencing while exploring the justifications against such legislation. This essay also aims to show that even though we may feel disgust for these types of offences we must remember the fundamentals of the Criminal Law system and understand that people are entitled to equality and fairness in the eyes of the law.
According to the National Institute of Justice, recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice. The NIJ defines recidivism as a person’s relapse into criminal behavior, often after receiving sanctions or undergoing intervention for a previous crime. Recidivism is often utilized in evaluating prisons effectiveness in crime control. Reducing recidivism is crucial for probation, parole and to the correctional system overall.
Frantz, Michael. “Federal Prison Overcrowding-Costs, Reasons, and Alternatives!” PRLog. N.a., 12 Oct. 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
Prisons and correctional facilities in the United States have changed from rehabilitating people to housing inmates and creating breeding grounds for more violence. Many local, state, and federal prisons and correctional facilities are becoming more and more overcrowded each year. If the Department of Corrections (DOC) wants to stop having repeat offenders and decrease the volume of inmates entering the criminal justice system, current regulations and programs need to undergo alteration. Actions pushed by attorneys and judges, in conjunction current prison life (including solitary confinement), have intertwined to result in mass incarceration. However, prisoner reentry programs haven’t fully impacted positively to help the inmate assimilate back into society. These alterations can help save the Department of Corrections (DOC) money, decrease the inmate population, and most of all, help rehabilitate them. After inmates are charged with a crime, they go through the judicial system (Due Process) and meet with the prosecutor to discuss sentencing.
At first glance, it may seem that maintaining a life-term prisoner is more burdensome for taxpayers. However, according to Richard C. Dieter, the cost of a death penalty may amount to or even surpass the expenditures of handling less severe punishments for similar cases. Actually, the imposition of capital punishment requires complicated and numerous trials which can take a great amount of time. During this period, the defendant remains incarcerated and his maintenance is paid for with taxpayers’ money. Additional pre-trial time is needed to impose a death sentence with the involvement law experts, attorneys and additional trials (Dieter). All of these procedures require additional expenditures which make a death trial a costly
...ibility of a longer sentence if the trial is lost. In contrast, the indeterminate sentencing reduces prison population but created more case loads for the community corrections. When the inmate is paroled early for good behavior, he or she is placed on parole. While on parole the community corrections must ensure that these individuals are not violating parole. Some ways to monitor the individuals behavior is through electronic monitoring (if on house arrest), alcohol and drug tests, home visits and reporting centers. The more people released early, the bigger the case load (Nieto, 1996).
Evers, Jaclyn. Leeds, Jessica. Morris, William. Rembecky, Shawn. Zukowski, Samantha. (May 3, 2010). Prisoner Reentry Program. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54fb62ffe4b0d3db827c0e94/t/567c53800e4c1174487c919c/1450988416300/Prisoner+Reentry+Program.pdf
Rhodes, Lorna A. “Pathological Effects of the Supermaximum Prison.” American Journal of Public Health. October 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449421/# __sec3title.
USAID FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. (2005). Model Court Initiative Court Administration Reform Intervention Plan Annex 3.5 - Case Backlog Reduction/Purging Plans . Retrieved from http://www.usaidjsdp.ba/old_page/en/dokumenti/3%20Intervention%20Plan/Annex%203.5%20-%20Case%20Backlog%20Reduction%20Purging%20Plans.pdf
Howard, John. "The Effects of Prison Overcrowding." P.a.t.r.i.c.k. Crusade. John Howard Society of Alberta, May 2002. Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://www.patrickcrusade.org