Introduction
Many studies have shown that resistance training improves strength and many other aspects in the elderly population. Although the literature covers a wide variety of such theories, this review will focus on major themes, which will emerge repeatedly throughout the literature reviewed. These themes are: high intensity resistance training improves the muscle mass, strength and hypertrophy, muscle hypertrophy was due to the increase in type I and II fibres and muscle mass and strength gains were slightly more or less the same for both men and women but the was an overall increase in strength adaptations (Williams & Stewart, 2009). Although this literature presents these themes in a variety of contexts, this paper will primarily focus on the effect of resistance training on the elderly population in terms of muscle hypertrophy and strength.
Human aging is inevitable; it is characterized by a decline in skeletal muscle mass, alongside with decreased muscle strength (Van Roie, Delecluse, Coudyzer, Boonen, & Bautmans, 2013). Resistance exercise has been characterized as an effective treatment strategy to counteract the loss skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength (Leenders, M., Verdijk, L. B., van der Hoeven, L., van Kranenburg, J., Nilwik, R., & van Loon, L. J.) (2013).
In Kemmler, W., & von Stengel, S. (2013) study it has shown that with exercise frequency of more than two sessions per week at relatively high intensity has to be applied to gain an impact on the musculoskeletal aspect of the body. Even in the very old population there is increase in muscle mass, strength and functional capacity of following resistance training (Leenders et al., 2013).
Body
As we age, there is a progressive loss of muscle...
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...men aged 65-75 years. Gerontology, 42(4), 204-210.
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Van Roie, E., Delecluse, C., Coudyzer, W., Boonen, S., & Bautmans, I. (2013). Strength training at high versus low external resistance in older adults: effects on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force-velocity characteristics. Exp Gerontol, 48(11), 1351-1361. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.010
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The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
While DOMS does have a negative effect on strength performance, the factors that are associated with DOMS are also potentially important in stimulating muscle hypertrophy. Researchers believe thought that DOMS most likely reflects the body’s response to maximize the training response. Due to the wear and tear on the muscle fibers during exercise, muscle damage happens to be the causing factor for muscle hypertrophy. After exercise, the damage and repair process involves calcium, lysosomes, connective tissue, free radicals, energy sources, and the inflammatory response. Healing process steps that go along with DOMS are important steps in muscle hypertrophy (Kenney et al.,
Controlled increases in physical stress through progressive resistive exercise cause muscle fibers to hypertrophy and become capable of generating greater force.3 Early emphasis is on restoring joint range of motion and muscle flexibility, however, resistive exercises are not delayed. The initial emphasis of muscle loading should be on endurance, accomplished with lower loads and higher repetitions. Progressive resistive exercises are initiated at the available range and progressed to new positions as wrist range of motion returns in all planes. Both the overload principle and the SAID Principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) are important considerations in therapeutic exercise dosing.1,3,11 Within pain tolerance, dosing progressive resistive exercises that maintain a therapeutic stress level will encourage muscle tissue hypertrophy. Finding activities that produce the correct force and repetition, without injury, is the goal of the remobilization period. Starting with low force, moderate to high repetitions, and encouraging therapeutic rest following induced stress is important to both the overload principle and the SAID Principle. Additionally, it is important to prevent dosing resistive exercises that exceed optimal stress, which may result in injury. The patient’s response to therapeutic exercise should be assessed during, immediately following,
Muscle endurance is the ability to perform a lot of repetitions against a given resistance for a long period of time. The combination of strength and endurance results in muscle endurance. Muscle endurance is used in may sports such as rowing, swimming, cycling, distance running, field hockey and American football. Normally, an endurance muscle program involves lifting about 12-25 repetitions of moderate loads. In some cases, this is inadequate for many sports such as boxing, canoeing and x-cross skiing.
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Muscles come in all shapes and sizes and around 700 of them call the human body their home. This human body system is responsible for both conscious and unconscious movement. Muscles help make up almost every area of the human body and enable us to do many, if not most, of our daily routines. About half of our weight is due to muscle mass. Each one is made up of nerves, skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, and tendons. As we age, a variety of problems can arise as our muscles get older and older. However, there are certain things we can do currently that will help improve our future muscular health.
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Strength training needs to be done at least 2 or 3 times a week to help build strong muscles and bones. The more muscle a person has the ...
Roughly, The body loses around 3kg of lean muscle every decade from middle age. Evidence found by Singh (2002) suggests that these changes are related to a sedentary lifestyle, muscle mass can increase in an older person after regular exercise. Bone density also declines around the age of 40, and as a result, older people are more prone to fractures. However, exercise helps to reduce the risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. ‘Weight-bearing exercise is particularly helpful in keeping bones healthy and strong.’ (Sari, 2011) Concerning cardiorespiratory fitness this takes longer in older people as opposed to a younger person. However, the physical benefits are similar. People can improve their cardiorespiratory fitness through regular exercise thus preventing diseases like cardiovascular disease. (Sari, 2011) Physical activity also has a positive impact on the joints of the body as they require regular movement to remain supple and healthy. Singh (2002) states that “those with arthritis, which can be very common in older people, can benefit greatly from aerobic and strengthening exercise programs.” Lastly, physical activity also has a large impact on body fat levels as carrying too much body fat can be associated with various diseases; for example, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. ‘Regular exercise burns kilojoules and thus increases muscle mass and speeds up the
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This workout will assist with people’s everyday life by augmenting muscular endurance. An elevated muscular endurance will be less prone to muscle strains and tears because of the resistance they have developed, extended workout times, and a better stamina from the repetitions of lifting weights (“Benefits of Muscular Endurance”). Everyday life will be eased as it is easier to lift heavy items; the exercise overloads your muscles which challenges them so that they must adapt and therefore get stronger to meet the challenge of lifting those more hefty items. "To make a muscle grow, you must force it to go beyond its capabilities. The most potent way to apply that force is to train to failure. Training to failure means...the muscles are forced to grow stronger and bigger," says Nasser El Sonbaty who has body built for many years. With this easier way of doing things, people can get daily chores and activities done more quickly and efficiently which will also decrease stress levels tha...
Fatigue, decreased mobility and impaired balance from the rheumatoid and osteoarthritis pain also increases the risk of falls (Stanmore et al., 2013). Age related changes such as sarcopenia causes muscle tone and strength to decrease, especially in the lower limbs and as a result, balance and gait become impaired (Culross, 2008). These factors significantly influence the risk of falls and also affect the ability to carry out daily activities therefore, with a physiotherapists assistance, the nurse could introduce a personalised exercise regime to enhance muscle tone and strength (Culross, 2008). According to Neuberger et al (1997), exercise lessens fatigue and improves muscle tone and balance in older people. Recommending an exercise programme for Mrs Jones that incorporates strength training exercises and aerobics, could potentially improve muscle tone and strength and as a result improve mobility, balance and lessen the risk of falls (Bird, Pittaway, Cuisick, Rattray & Ahuja, 2013). The nurse could also suggest safety precautions such as advising Mrs Jones to use a mobility aid (Gooberman-Hill & Ebrahim,
Scientists, coaches, and athletes have recognized that periodized strength training promotes increase in skeletal muscle size, increase in force, and increase of the regenerating capacity of the muscle cells.
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