REPORT ON COPPER TOXICITY ON SHEEP OR ADULT LAMBS
INTRODUCTION
The relationship between copper in grazing sheep and the chronic poisoning resulting in increased death, is key. This report helps to make clear, the major effect of quantity of copper on grazing soil, on animals. The optimum concentration of copper needed for the normal growth and healthy living of lambs and sheep and the importance of copper in grazing animals are addressed in this report.
Copper is very important for the healthy growth and reproduction of all animals. The animal losses caused due to the reductions of copper can, at one end, be total, for example lambs can be lost due to swayback; but fortunately, such occurrences are rear. Even larger side effects on live weight gain can occur in sub clinically copper lacking livestock, most especially lambs{1} .Phill traced elements deficiency in cattle and weighed normal amount of copper acting along side could eventually cause copper toxity .Because everything must be done moderately, copper toxicity can be of two different species, we have; Chronic Or acute.The acute copper toxicity occurs very fast, immediately after high amount of copper is ingested . when sheep feed on diets or grazed with grasses in soils, over a period of time that are marginally high in copper concentration compared to level of antagonist on the diet, the chronic form of copper toxicity is said to occur{2}. "Sharp clearly stated that acute poisoning may follow intakes of 20-100mg of copper/kg in sheep's and young calves and 200-800mg/kg in mature cattle while chronic poisoning of sheep may occur with daily intake of 3.5mg of copper/kg when grazing pastures that contain 15...
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Lead is a metal found virtually everywhere even today. Sources of lead include auto body shops, electric storage batteries, glazes for china dishes, crockery, insecticides, electric cable insulation, hose, pipe, sheet and floor coverings. Lead is associated with stain glass work, jewelry making and antique ceramic doll painting. Although lead in paint was outlawed, there are still many homes that have lead paint (White et al, 1990). Lead found in gasoline was found in one study to account for 23--27% of the lead blood levels in the people tested (Wagner, 1991). This exposure to lead sources is more of a concern for children due to the characteristic habit of children to taste everything they touch; this characteristic is known as pica. Children are also in closer contact with their lead polluted environment during play. They are more active and exposed to outdoor contaminates and they inhale dust and dirt that are lead contaminated. Furthermore, the adsorption rate of lead in the digestive tract is up to 10 times greater in chil...
SUMMARIZE: The article grants information on new models in cosmetics to take the place of animal experimentation. It goes on to talk about how the European Union has now banned using animal-based test for cosmetic reasoning. Pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies have been using computer-like tools to assess the toxicity it has for years. The author incorporates information on cosmetics and the outlook on further research. ‘According to experts, combination of laboratory-based with virtual work will be the future of testing and is progressing faster than they expected.” (87 words)
Lead toxicity has been an area of unending research in recent years. There have been positive and negative correlation’s relating its toxic effects to both child developmental deficiencies and adult regression problems. This review will focus on the problems associated with the children. It will discuss various routes of entry of lead into the child’s system, both prenatally and postnatally, the mechanisms employed by lead to cause the dysfunction’s, and some of the neurological deficits believed to be caused by the lead exposure.
EPA. (2009, December 29). Retrieved January 15, 2011, from Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health: http://www.epa.gov/teach/
In conclusion, lead is a very widespread poison that has been intertwined throughout the history of mankind. To prevent poisoning from this toxic substance, foods should be washed prior to cooking of eating. Hands, particularly those of young children, should be washed before meals (Harte et al. 1991). Flaking lead-based paint needs to be removed by a professional; intact lead paint on buildings should be maintained occasionally by painting over using lead-free coatings. Joggers and cyclists should exercise away from traffic and avoid peak driving hours (Harte et al. 1991). As a nation, strides are being made to lower contact with lead on day to day bases. On the other hand, countries around the world need to learn from history’s mistakes on lead usage; otherwise, they are just going to repeat the past.
Almost no data is available about the effects of organic arsenic compounds on human beings. Researches in animals show that most simple organic arsenic compounds (such as methyl and dimethyl compounds) are less lethal than the inorganic forms. In animals, intake of methyl compounds can result in diarrhea, and lifetime disclosure can damage the kidneys. Lifetime contact to dimethyl compounds can harm the urinary bladder and the kidneys.
Heavy metals are characteristic parts of the Earth's covering. They can't be debased or destroyed. To a little degree they enter our body by means of drinking water, food and air. As follow components, some substantial metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are crucial to look after the metabolism of the human body. At higher concentrations they can accelerate poisoning. Devastating poisoning of metals arise from drinking-water pollution (e.g. lead channels), high surrounding air fixations close to emission sources, or through food chain.
A cuvette was filled 3/ 4ths of the way and the absorbance measured in a spectrophotometer. The data was compiled as a class and recorded. The Spectrophotometer was blanked using a test tube of distilled water.
Stokes, W.S. “Animals and the 3 R’s on Toxicology Research and Testing.” Human and Experimental Toxicology December 2015: 7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 February
Elevated copper levels in the liver lead to injury and inflammation. Long-term liver inflammation typically causes scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Patients may develop signs of chronic liver disease or liver failure. Copper deposition in brain tissue also results in neuronal injury and death, resulting in slurred speech, movement abnormalities, and depression. This may progressively worsen into a condition called akinetic mutism - absent movement or speech.
Lead is considered to be a toxic heavy metal. It occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust. However, it tends to combine with other elements to form lead compounds. (Registry, 2011). Moreover, it has no known function in the body and with excess accumulation, either acute or chronic, will cause a wide array of metabolic dysfunctions by interfering with normal metabolic functions (Analytical Research Laboratories, 2012). From a historical standpoint, most human beings if not all have accumulated some lead in their bodies over the course of their daily lives. In extreme cases, that is, when there is too much lead in the body it is known to cause lead poisoning. In order to fully understand this phenomenon, one must first acknowledge; how lead enters the body, how it is distributed, and how and if it is eliminated.
Many animals such as rats, mice, dogs, cats, birds, and monkeys are forced endure unnecessary pain due to animal testing. It is inhumane to use animals for toxicity testing because the animals are left to suffer or die after they are used. According to an online article, “some are forced to inhale toxic fumes, others are immobili...
When it comes to the children levels of lead in the body can affect behavior problems, the learning capabilities, growth, hearing problems and anemia. If lead is digested it can cause seizures and in worst-case scenarios of death. Short-term exposure to high levels of lead can cause abdominal pain, and vomiting. Whereas chronic low-level exposure can cause retarded cognitive and intellectual development in children. Infant, young children and fetus are more sensitive to toxic effects of lead, especially in regard to the damages to their central nervous system. The affect that lead has on animals is that it inhibits their ability to synthesize red blood cells. The affect that lead has on plants is that lead pollution coats the surface of the leaf and reduces the amount of light reaching it. This results in stunting the growth or killing the plants by reducing the rate of photosynthesis, inhibiting respiration, encouraging an elongation of plant cells influencing root development. As for the affect on micro- organisms is that lead at the concentrations found near roadsides can wipe out the bacteria and fungi on surfaces and soil, as microorganisms play a huge part in the food