Optical remote sensing (RS) is used to provide an effective knowledge base for advanced agriculture research (Ambast et al., 2002). Visible - Near Infrared (NIR) wavelengths offers the ability to monitor landscape process that are controlled by several surface parameters (Jacob et al., 2002; Price, 1992). Most commonly a simple or normalized ratio between the visible red and the NIR spectral wavebands are used for vegetation indices (VI). Several vegetation indices have been developed using the linearity of the NIR versus red reflectance as an indication of the green biomass. Some of the more sophisticated indices attempt to neutralize the soil influence by using a parameter or curve for bare soils. The weighted difference vegetation index (WDVI) developed by Clevers (1988) is one of those that corrects for the soil affects.
During early stages of vegetation stress, the cover might stay relatively constant but the surface temperature (Ts) may vary greatly because of changes in the soil physical properties including moisture and soil color (Bastiaanssen et al., 2000). Some studies have focused on the surface temperature and VI relation (VI/Ts) (Boegh et al., 1999; Nemani and Running, 1989). Moran et al., (2002) showed that scatter plots of remotely sensed (RS) surface temperature and VI often yield trapezoid shapes and explained this, by the differences in surface properties related to the effect on VI/Ts slopes for similar surface and atmospheric conditions. These trapezoid plots span a variety of surface types. The maximum Ts agree with bare soil conditions and the lowest Ts with full vegetation cover (VC). The interpretation of Ts for sparse VC, which is widespread in semi-arid regions, is not straightforward. Studies hav...
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... surface energy balance model. Agronomie, 22(6): 669-680.
Moran, M.S., Hymer, D.C., Qi, J.G. and Kerr, Y., 2002. Comparison of ERS-2 SAR and Landsat TM imagery for monitoring agricultural crop and soil conditions. Remote Sensing of Environment, 79(2-3): 243-252.
Moran, M.S. et al., 1997. Combining multifrequency microwave and optical data for crop management. Remote Sensing of Environment, 61(1): 96-109.
Nemani, R.R. and Running, S.W., 1989. Estimation of Regional Surface-Resistance to Evapotranspiration from Ndvi and Thermal-Ir Avhrr Data. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 28(4): 276-284.
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...spectral greenness index: A spectral dimension related to foliage projective cover', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 26-41.
Of course, you can’t forget the abiotic factors! Basically, just telling a bit more about the landscape. First, we have the physical features. The landscape of the slope impacts plant growth, hurts natural ecosystems by erosion, and unfortunately destroys the homes of animals. Although, animals and structures adapt to the slopes. T...
Stephen V. Stehman, “Selecting and interpreting measures of thematic classification accuracy”. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 62, No.1, pp.77–89, 1997.
In particular, I have special interest in focusing in Agriculture, due to my home region mainly has an agricultural profile. During my training I realized the importance of reliable and quality information sources. Similarly, I recognize in satellite and aerial imagery a rich source of information. Specifically, in the future I would like to exploit this type of data for the study of soil quality and crop performance in order to unveil patterns that allow us to better understand their features and shortcomings.
Temperate climate prevails in the highlands, which has warm summers in most areas and cool summers in the high altitude areas, cold winters and no dry season. The south-west slopes have a sub-humid climate with hot summers, and the western area has a dry semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. January and February are generally the hottest months, with mean summer temperatures ranging between 33°C in the west and 16°C at higher altitudes in the east. Mean winter temperatures range from 3°C to 5°C in the west to 0°C to -2°C in the highlands
The climates on earth are very unique depending on their placement on the planet's axis. No one really realizes how different they can be or how similar they really are. The ice caps and the arid climates are two examples of unique climates. Arid is another word for dry land, the ice caps are the cold climates. The Arid climates are covering nearly 33% of the earth’s land. The ice caps are only at the poles directly north and south of the equator, but this climate covers nearly 20% of the earth. These two climates sound very different, but no one would ever know the similarities of them until they really looked into the facts.
SUMMARY: We began this part of the lab by analyzing the three sources of imagery, searching for advantages and disadvantages in each of the enviorments. After, we searched for examples of geological features such as Mountain peak on a ridgeline, drainage basin, canyon of the main stream of the catchment flowing just above the edge of the desert basin, alluvial fan deposited by that main stream just below the edge of and the desert basin.
Dry lands is a previous stage into what can develop the atrocity of desertification. These plains of ground lack moisture. These areas lose it either to evaporation or by transpiration of plants. Generally the land that is considered dry lands is still used by primitive technologies within herding and farming. This weak land is put on even l...
See the corresponding section. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing - Prentice Hall, Inc.. Franklin, J. F., et al. (1981) The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. In Ecological Characteristics of Old-Grow Douglas Fir Forest (GTR PNW-118).
The environmental data consist of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an average monthly temperature of local weather station, and the winter index. The NDVI demonstrate an approximation of ecological condition between regions and years. By calculating the average of different weather stations and take the mean of each of the month of spring, an overall provincial temperatures for the months can be calculated. This was necessarily due to...
...t support for realizing intensive, high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, ecological and safe agricultural, its main techniques such as RFID, photo acoustic electromagnetic sensors, "3S" technology, laser scanner, etc, can make great breakthrough on agricultural product safety, agriculture information transmission, intelligent detecting, intelligent
Improvements in the socio-economic patterns in India, China, Brazil and few other developing countries have opened new channels & opportunities for precision agriculture in these countries (Mondal, P. and Basu, M., 2009)”. India is a land of agriculture with large numbers of crops cultivated and the major pulses like wheat, pulses, rice, cotton, maize within top 10 in the world. However, when you take into consideration the ranking on quality wise it does not reach high. Although crops are being grown in India, The ratio of fertilizers used per area and the nutrition needs of the plants are not met. It is almost 3-5 times lesser to what is used in developed countries. With PA, you can achieve this needs of the plants, but studying the crop, soil and terrains. With the recent advancement in ISRO (Indian Satellite Research Organization) launching GPS and the IT revolution has changed the Indian environment making inroads for new scopes in farm sectors. There is also a misinterpretation that these technologies cannot be used in small scale farms. There are few technologies like chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and leaf colour chart (LCC) hand held portable devices to determine the timing of crop and the nutrient content. Government has been supportive in encouraging growers in small community to use GIS systems, and internet to understand the
The backbone of a stable nation, socially and politically, is agriculture. Agriculture is the largest sector that provides a nation with food and employment. Agriculture is currently being affected by climate change and at the same time it is also a contributor to climate change. The drastic elevations in climate change started from the mid to late 20th century and they have been increasing since then (Boisvenue & Running 2006). Climate change is affecting agriculture by interfering with the efficiency of crop production. Agriculture is facing droughts, flooding, sea level elevations, natural disasters, and health hazards for employees. All of these exponents lead to crop failure that creates famines and food prices to rise. On the other side, agriculture is also contributing to climate change through their output of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints. These are caused by the activities that agriculture engages with such as breeding of livestock, ploughing of fields, deforestation, and the use of pesticides and other agrochemicals. Climate change affects countries differently, mainly due to their ability to adapt and their geographical location. Canada and Russia benefit from the changes in climate while Sudan and Bangladesh are affected negatively, struggling to adapt. Agriculture and climate change are interrelated processes that exist mutually making it harder to reduce one without affecting the other.
Land use change and land cover over time is an inevitable phenomenon occurring globally due to both temporary and or permanent interest of the inhabitants in a particular area (Eludoyin et al, 2010). Most parts of the world are not in their natural state due to a number of reasons and mainly human activities. Due to anthropogenic activities, the earth’s surface is being significantly altered and the presence on the Earth of man and his use of land has had a profound effect upon the natural environment (Wilkie and Finn, 1996). Land use and land cover change (LULCC), has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes.