INTRODUCTION
Gastrointestinal disorders are common diseases and can be diagnosed by endoscopy as a simple and effective procedure. Endoscopy has become a gold standard diagnostic procedure. The main purpose of endoscopist is early diagnosis or exclude gastrointestinal cancer, and to present other gastrointestinal diseases. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) are used as a marker of gastrointestinal malignancies [1]. CA 19-9 and CEA are antigens related with most of epithelial originated cancers including gastrointestinal cancers [2]. Serum levels of CEA and CA 19-9 are increased in premalignant lesions and early stages of cancer. Also in recent study's measurement of CEA and CA 19-9 in gastric juice by an endogastric capsule, put forth us, we can distinguish between precancerous lesions and cancers or normal cases [3]. The most common used tumor markers; CA 19-9, CEA and AFP are not a beneficial screening method [4]. We aimed to investigate the relationship of gastrointestinal disorders diagnosed by endoscopy with the serum tumor marker levels. Evidence of increased serum tumor marker levels can be an urgent indicator of endoscopy in dyspeptic patients.
MATERİALS AND METHODS
In this study we compared serum tumor marker levels of patients who admitted to Sivrihisar state hospital with gastrointestinal system symptoms and underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with a control group of healthy volunteers. This study was authorized by the local ethics committee. In this way, CA 19-9, CEA and AFP serum levels examined in forty patients who underwent endoscopy and forty healthy volunteers . 5 ml blood sample taken from all of patients and following 20 minutes samples cen...
... middle of paper ...
...n patients with resectable gastric carcinoma: comparison with CEA. J Surg Oncol. 2001;76:266-271.
14. Iwasaki Y, Arai K, Katayanagi S, Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T, Matsumoto H, et al. Biomarkers for neoplasmas in digestive organs. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2004; 31: 1015-1020.
15. Micali B, Florio MG, Venuti A, et al. Usefulness of carcinoembryonic antigen measurement in gastric juice of patients with gastric disorders. J Clin Gastroenterol 1983; 5: 411-415.
16. Farinati F, Nitti D, Cardin F, et al. CA 19-9 determination in gastric juice: role in identifying gastric cancer and high risk patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988; 24: 923-927.
17. De Vries AC, van Grieken NC, Looman CW, Casparie MK, de Vries E, Meijer GA, Kuipers EJ. Gastric cancer risk in patients with premalignant gastric lesions: a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology 2008;134:945-952.
Cancer is one of the 9 National Health Priority Areas (NHPA), areas which account for a significant portion of the burden of disease, but have sizeable potential for improvement. In Australia, CRC is the second most common cancer, after prostate (in men) and breast cancer (in women) (AIHW, Cancer incidence projections). The incidence has gradually increased (by 13% in males from 1982-2007) (AIHW, Cancer in Australia an overview). This is compounded by the ageing population and population growth, with 14,860 new cases in 2010 (http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer). This graph demonstrates this upward trend ((AIHW, Cancer incidence projections):
Although, it is easy to believe that all cells in a tumor are neoplastic, evidence suggests otherwise. There are three characteristics that are present in all KS cells whether they are neoplastic or not. The first is absence of a histologically distinguishable neoplastic cell. The second is the lack of usual chromosomal abnormalities. The last is a combination of three features angiogenesis, inflammation, and proliferation.
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women, responsible for more than 57,000 deaths in 2001 alone. Colon polyps, which can lead to colon cancer, are found in about 30-40% of people aged 60 or older- and the risks of polyps increase with age” (Lerche Davis, 2003). Most cases of colon cancer start as small adenomatous polyps. Many people experience no signs or symptoms in the early stages of colon cancer. Some signs and symptoms can include diarrhea, constipation, or any change in consistency of your stool that continues for longer than a month. Any bleeding from the rectum or blood found in the stool can also be a sign of colon cancer. Continuing abdominal pain, cramps, gas, weakness, fatigue and unexplained weight loss could all be signs of rectal cancer in the patient (Staff,
Diagnosing these cancers is very tricky because they tend to have a lot of the same symptoms, not only to themselves but also to other diseases. Lymphoma is usually misdiagnosed as IBS and as a conciquece of such with the treatment for IBS usually causes the cancer to further spread and develop it's self. (Science Weekly, 2012) Just like in human cancers when finding a lump under the skin on any part of the body it is important to go the the vet and get them checked out. The most comon way of diagnosing cancers is by a biopsy, which is taking a part of flesh from the suspected affected area and testing it for any cancerous cells. Most cancers are misdiagnosed or go undiagnosed completely because their symptoms often resemble other diseases which are easier treated, and more common.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer, the side effects of the cancer treatment, and methods to lessen the physical and psychological effects of cancer.
Colon cancer develops in the part of the gastrointestinal tract that absorbs water and minerals before waste products are disposed via the rectum. In women endometrial cancer is related to colon cancer. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in the United States. Over one-hundred fifty thousand individuals will be diagnosed this year and this cancer will probably be responsible for about 47,900 deaths in 1999 (http://www.cancer.org). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop from the glandular cells. Ninety percent of all colon cancer cases will develop in individuals after 50 years of age. Ninety percent of all tumors arise from polyps that are commonly found in people older than 50. Prevention includes regular exercise and a diet high in fiber. The most important risk factor is age. Medical screening includes a yearly blood occult test after age 50 and a colonoscopy every 3 years after age 50. Regular screening detects polyps that have become precancerous. If regular screening is not done, the cancer is not detected until blood is found in the...
I have undergone many scintigraphy studies with both solid and liquid foods. Some studies looked at empting over just an hour’s time span whereas the longest study visualized empting for six hours. The older I’ve become the slower my stomach has emptied. Over the years various forms of treatment have been utilized in my care. Common treatments involve diet modification, pharmacological treatment and surgical intervention.8 While there is a lot of current and past research and information about gastroparesis much of it does not address other methods of treatment that I have found to be particularly effective in managing my symptoms. I’ve learned about these various treatments from others who suffer from the disease, physicians who have treated me and just from living with the disease.
Liver cancer is a common form of cancer that affects approximately 30,650 new individuals each year (1). The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is more predominate in men over women. Along with gender, age also is a large role in the probability of getting HCC. Generally, most of the individuals that are diagnosed with liver cancer are 45 and older, with an average age of 63 (1). Another nonmodifiable factors that can lead to HCC is ethnicity. The risk of having liver cancer greatly increases if you are from the Pacific Islands or are an Asian American (2). Some common behavioral risk factors that can increase an individual’s change of getting HCC are alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes, chronic viral hepatitis, and obesity (1). While all of these factors can lead to liver cancer, obesity has become more popular recently with an increase in the amount of overweight individuals. In the last decade alone, over one billion people worldwide are estimated to be overweight (5). In the research articles used, BMI was the common tool to determine if an individual was overweight or obese.
The oncologist (cancer specialist) have discovered some solutions to against those cancer. Prevention and treatment. Prevention means patient can discovered their cancer in an early stage by doing a various diagnosis to detect the present of a tumour in our body. The routine self-exam or screening measures eventually also can detect some cancer that in an ...
Colorectal cancers are thought to develop slowly over a period of several years. Before a true cancer develops, there usually are precancerous changes in the lining of the colon or rectum. These changes might be dysplasia or adenomatous polyps. A polyp is a growth of tissue into the center of the colon or rectum. Some types of polyps (hyperplastic polyps and inflammatory polyps) are not precancerous. However, having adenomatous polyps, also known as adenomas, does increase a person’s risk of developing cancer, especially if there are many polyps or they are large.
Trevena L. (2009) Cancer screening Reprinted from Australian Family Physician: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales. Vol. 38, No. 4
25 April 2014. Muller, F. Toxicological Sciences. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. 24 April 2014. National Cancer Institute.
Everyone is born with certain genetic mutations that make the them more likely to develop cancer in a later time in life. Though they might have a genetic feature, cancer will not develop unless triggered by environmental factors such as air and water pollution. As a matter of fact, my grandfather started smoking alongside consuming heavy amounts of alcohol around the age of 15, smoking and heavy alcohol intake have been considered as one of the potential causes of colon
Two- four percent of all cancer cases are either caused by or related to drinking alcohol. Alcohol related cancer does not just affect one area of the body it affects a number of areas the esophagus, mouth, la...
Blood and urine based biomarkers used in molecular pathology are only indicative of the average response of the cell population affected with little or no information of the range of response or variability form areas of tissue (Naddler and Langley 2001)