ESTABLISHMENT OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906
REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
After the creation of the Indian national Congress and its time as a ‘representative’ party for the people of the Indian sub-continent, there was felt a need to re-evaluate its claims at unbiased representation. Since its inception, Congress had shown clear its interest to only safeguard the rights of Hindus.
The three key factors which contributed in keeping the Muslims away from the Congress were:
1. The advice and prediction of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that, “Hindus and Muslims are two different nations who have different ideologies”
2. Hindu protest against the partition of Bengal
3. Hindu revivalists’ aggression towards the Muslims
The Muslims stayed devoted to Sir Syed's recommendation, however events were rapidly changing the Indian arena and political issues were surfacing in all areas of the population. However the main motivating factor was that the Muslims' elite, intellectual class needed representation and that the masses required a platform to unite on.
Following are the reasons for the establishment of Muslim league:
1. Attitude of the Congress towards Muslims: All India National Congress was mainly a Hindu body. Its interests were always in benefitting the Hindus. By 1906, Muslim leaders were certain that they must have their own party which may speak for the community on all important occasions as the attitude of the Congress towards Muslims was indifferent to their interests.
2. Economic and Educational Backwardness: Muslims were far behind the Hindus in education and economic advancement. Educational and economic conditions could only be enhanced by forming a separate Muslims organizatio...
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...in all over the country.
In 1958, the League nearly lost all of its influence when martial law was imposed by General Ayub Khan to win the support of Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan, a Muslim Leaguee.
The Constitution of Federation allowed the ailing Muslim League to reform itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and supported Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections of 1965.
Ever since then, Muslim League has split into several factions with one following Ayub Khan, called the Conventional Muslim League and the one in its opposition called Council Muslim League. while the other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia ul Haq in 1980s, and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in 2000s. Hence, Pakistan Muslim League started being referred to several political parties in the country.
out against the injustice and urged the Indians, “to unite in claiming a common and equal right in
In "A Better Day for Indians," Vine Deloria, Jr. outlines seven controlling assumptions that Congress has implied its power towards Indians. Congress uses and choses it’s power when it pleases them. This is the first foremost formative role that congress frequents and it goes unnoticed because congress acts in good faith that allows the federal government to render any immoral acts towards Indians. I will describe 3 of the seven with example of each.
Race and religion are two concepts in American culture that can really tie people together, or clearly separate them apart. A group forged by strong common roots in both race and religion can be a powerful societal force, if it wants to be. The Nation of Islam is a small but growing religion in America that has become somewhat of a social movement because of its strong and radical ideas on race. In this paper, I will try to explore the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and the ramifications it could and has had on racial relations in America. The Nation of Islam, or NOI, is a relatively new religion. The first temple of Islam was established in Detroit by Master Fard Muhammed in 1930. Much of the theology was based on the simple facts that: "Allah is god, the white man is the devil, and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic black people, the cream of the earth."(1) And, in accordance with their bizarre view of creation, involving a mad scientist creating the white race from the black race, the twentieth century represents the time for black people to regain their rightful position as god¹s chosen people. (1) The Nation of Islam was spawned from Orthodox Islam, an age-old religion. However, Orthodox Islam has openly denounced the NOI as a heretic sect for three main reasons: the NOI¹s rejection of the belief in an afterlife, its tendency to view human leaders as deified figures, and its strong racist attitudes. (2) For a brief time, during the seventies, Wallace Deen Muhammed became the leader of the NOI and tried to take it in a new direction, more conforming to "true Islamic beliefs." This group is now called the American Muslim Mission and still exists in small numbers today. (1) ...
Following nomination by the National Liberation Front (FLN) party, Chadli Bendjedid was elected President in 1979 and re-elected in 1984 and 1988. The National Liberation Front ruled as a virtual one-party regime until the political system was reformed in 1989. Antigovernment sentiment stemming from corruption, housing shortages, unemployment, and other severe economic and social problems boosted the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) despite the party’s quite public commitment to theocratic rule under Islamic law. This seemingly innocuous act was actually quite revolutionary. For the first time, an Arab country had authorized the creation of a political party that had made the creation of an Islamic republic its main goal .
Although the Nation of Islam is most widely known for their outspoken leaders and aggressive methods, the Nation of Islam is one of the most important black activist groups of the 1960’s. In a matter of just a few years the Nation of Islam’s members had increased from 400 to 400,000 (Taylor par.19). During the 1960’s, the emergence of the Nation of Islam constituted a change in the minds of many African-Americans. Therefore, caused a major influence in the Civil Rights Movement.
In the early 1930’s, in Detroit, when the Nation of Islam was initially founded it was not really widely known. It was a very secluded and introverted religion and community. It was not until they came under the leadership of Elijah Muhammad that the Nation of Islam became a household name in the early 1960’s. The Nation of Islam, during the 60’s, was one of the forerunners for African American unity. They strove for a separate black community. They wanted to be completely separated from the white community only because, according to their beliefs, white people were all devils. Elijah Muhammad being influenced by many people and factors in his life led the Nation of Islam to the point where many blacks started to look toward Islam as a way out. The Nation provided an escape from the harsh racial treatment and discrimination that was going on during the time. The brutality of the police is a great example. Within the Nation, however, some political moves were also taken towards blacks acquiring their civil and human rights. The Nation’s efforts seemed to be at it’s all time high from 1960-1965 during the time Muhammad and Malcolm X, as his right hand man, led the Nation. After that time period however, the nation seemed to fall apart. Once Malcolm X was dismissed from the Nation, the Nation and it’s followers seemed to become a bit quieter. It was more than likely due to the fact that after Muhammad’s death, the Nation split into different paths and even in a new direction.
The continuous military defeats of the Arab countries against Israel (1948, 1967, and 1973) have caused a heavy burden in the psychology of the Arab Muslims. These defeats confirmed the loss of Muslim power. This led to abandoning the idea of secularism and going back towards the commitment to Islam to regain the former ...
Ahmed, Muhammad Saleem. “Islam in southeast Asia: A study of the emergence and growth in Malaysia and Indonesia.” Islamic Research Institute 19 (1980) : 134-138. JSTOR. Web. 29 March 2014.
Violence and disruption escalated as a consequence of Partition. Evident in Rani’s testimony, people were looting, stealing, killing and hacking each other (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.265). Her account of witnessing the whole Muslim neighbourhood set on fire was a common action that rivalry communities do to each other (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.266; Talbot & Singh, 2009, p.66). Furthermore, Rina’s testimony complemented the August-November 1947 violence that was now more ‘calculated and systematic’, ethnic cleansing. In historical context, the purpose of ethnic cleansing was to eliminate the ethnic minorit...
India is the center of a very serious problem in the world today. It’s a very diverse place with people from many different religious backgrounds, who speak many different languages and come from many different regions. They are also separated economically. Two of the country’s religious sects, Muslims and Hindus, have been in conflict for hundreds of years. Their feelings of mistrust and hatred for each other are embedded in all those years and will not leave easily. What’s most disturbing is that there seems to be no plan for reconciliation available. There are numerous reasons for this conflict.
There is no immediate connection between Islam in the seventh century and the prevalent Islamist movements in the last some piece of the twentieth century. A partition occurred in Islam between the religious and political circles that reinforce renouncement of political dominance. Furthermore, conventions of secularism and modernization were overwhelming for no less than two centuries in different Muslim states, starting with modernizing changes established by different Muslim rulers, then emulated by further changes executed by common nationalist authorities after anti-colonial battles. Political Islam, along these lines, is better seen in light of late political and economic improvements—advancements, also, that have offered ascent to religious revival in different social orders.
The history of tribal oppression in India is an old one. “The Sanyasi Revolt”, “The Wahabi Movement”, and “The Naxalbari Rebellion”, are evidence of the tribal outcry that appropriately foregrounds their requirement for fundamental rights as citizens of the country. Even after sixty six years of independence, India’s rural poor and tribals are lamenting under the curbing effects of destitution, unemployment, undernourishment, illiteracy and human trafficking. For these people, the notions of liberty, equality and democracy have no meaning at all. Though the country is free from the bondage of foreign rule, their repression and prejudices still continue leaving them dependent on their new masters.
of Bengal. This gave the foreigners effective control of administration. The Marathas, the Sikhs and ...
The BJP insists India is a “Hindu Nation”, a principle leader of the party. BJP, L.K.Advani, goes so far as to suggest Sikh’s, Muslims and Christians. should be Mohammadi Hindus, Christian Hindus and Sikh Hindus. persisting and enhancing the Indian character of the state. Muslims find themselves accused of anti-Hindu acts whereby North India was.
1885-Indian National Congress founded by A. O. Hume to unite all Indians and strengthen bonds with Britain.