Psi can be loosely defined as the ability of an organism to interact with its environment, or other entities within the environment, beyond what is known about the defined boundaries of that organism. The inability to empirically observe how these interactions happen, outside of the initially observed effect, has resulted in modeling various theories about psi within the context of it being an information system of sorts. That being said, para psychologically typically approaches psi from the perspective that it is a function which allows for an exchange of information between the organism and its environment; however, information is extrinsic to the thing that it is encoded upon, thus, it can not exist separately from the thing that it is encoded upon. While hypostatisation (making concrete an abstract thing through reification) is useful for conceptual and ontological models (will be discussed later on in the article), it is a reification fallacy to treat an unreal thing, that is nothing more than a conceptual abstraction, as a real thing without giving it any substance, thus, information, within the context of parapsychology, is a systematic mapping of a group of entities that is unobservable at the moment. Information can be considered to be an abstract and polymorphic noun that has many contexts in which it can be used.
Due to the abstract nature of psi, as it impinges upon the organism outside of the normal modes of sensory encroaching on sensory organs, information, within the mind of the person manifests as various symbolic, or even literal, associations that are tacit in nature and non semantic. Semantic information is qualitative in nature which connects the dots in regards to meaning. Extrasensory information manife...
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... matrix, in which color is a scalar multiple of the the vector objects contained within the array. As such, the syntax is determined by the mathematical properties of the entities in regards to how they arranged per their ascribed traits.
Associations and Phenomenology
As was stated earlier in the article, a degree of hypostatisation is necessary to utilize such a framework. In order to use such a system efficiently, one would have to adopt a view of conceptual realism in which the conceptual and abstract parts of the system were actual things in themselves. This requires a shifting of one's phenomenology (how things are experienced) to a state of mind in which one views abstract and conceptual objects as real things one can manipulate. This can be done in a meditative state in which one creates a type of mental space where these objects are conjured.
In this paper, I will argue that it is more likely that the qualia of colour could be explained by physicalism rather than by property dualism. Qualia are subjective experiences, such as our senses (pg. 3). Physicalism views every property as physical, and can be explained by science (pg. 29). Property dualism refers to the philosophical view that minds are made out of one substance, but contain physical properties, and a non-physical mind (qualia) that are not related to each other (pg. 29).
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
There is almost no doubt that there is a relationship between psychology and philosophy. Indeed, many people actually considering that the philosophies related to and concerned with the mind and thought are the precursor to modern psychology. Of course, most of these philosophies were decidedly western, or popular in the west. However, the problem with our western views of consciousness in philosophy and psychology is that often times the way we view the conscious process leads to a so-called "infinite regression." That is to say, if we see consciousness as a set of rules guiding our experiences in life, there must also be another set of rules that defines how we know when to use those rules, and so on and so forth. (Kurak 2001, 18-19). In this paper, I will attempt to show how we can turn to Buddhist principles to help us gain a better understanding of human consciousness.
To conclude this essay, I like to emphazise that Rosenthal's HOT is more of an empirical hypothesis, rather than an analysis of the term ‘consciousness.’ His aim is precisely to explain the phenomena of consciousness in relation to other mental states, such as thought and perception, and while achieving this, he has elaborated a theoretical structure for comprehending the functions of our mind.
Understanding how the mind and the sensory experience are related can enhance the experience of living a day to day life and strengthen our connection to objects, places, and people in this rapidly evolving
Renner, T., Feldman, R., Majors, M., Morrissey, J., & Mae, L. (2011). States of Consciousness. Psychsmart (pp. 99-107). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Functionalism is a materialist stance in the philosophy of mind that argues that mental states are purely functional, and thus categorized by their input and output associations and causes, rather than by the physical makeup that constitutes its parts. In this manner, functionalism argues that as long as something operates as a conscious entity, then it is conscious. Block describes functionalism, discusses its inherent dilemmas, and then discusses a more scientifically-driven counter solution called psychofunctionalism and its failings as well. Although Block’s assertions are cogent and well-presented, the psychofunctionalist is able to provide counterarguments to support his viewpoint against Block’s criticisms. I shall argue that though both concepts are not without issue, functionalism appears to satisfy a more acceptable description that philosophers can admit over psychofunctionalism’s chauvinistic disposition that attempts to limit consciousness only to the human race.
An principle of fundamental truth for serving the foundation as for a system of belief for behavior reasoning. The same principles that revolved around Guided Imagery. The total amount of principles within Guided Imagery, such as Mind-Body connection, the altered state and Locus of control. The first principle is the Mind and body connection which involves the inner and external layers of you. According to the body, your mind creates images actual events, relatable events. However the difficulty amongst the principle comes from the area of the mind, the mind perceives everything that it sees and thinks of a possibility of reality occurring. The mind and body, work essentially well when images evoke with sensory memory, sounds, smells, feel and for a strong emotional element
Two-way interactive dualism accurately describes the connections between our bodies and minds because we can see they causally affect each other. As a result, we as human beings cannot always determine what physical state we are in, but we always know where we stand
With each of our senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hear), information is transmitted to the brain. Psychologists find it problematic to explain the processes in which the physical energy that is received by the sense organs can form the foundation of perceptual experience. Perception is not a direct mirroring of stimulus, but a compound messy pattern dependent on the simultaneous activity of neurons. Sensory inputs are somehow converted into perceptions of laptops, music, flowers, food, and cars; into sights, sounds, smells, taste ...
information. This is when, when a material is manipulated and no longer matches the cognitive image that a child has made, that child believes the amount of material has been altered instead of just its shape. (Jarvis, Chandler 2001 P.
Wilson, R. A. (1990). Quantum Psychology: How Brain Software Programs You & Your World. Tempe: New Falcon.
In the psychodynamic model, the theories of human behavior are all abstract ideas and therefore very difficult
Psychology formerly integrated with the subject philosophy; these two formerly considered as one. Philosophy was the center of all learning but many academicians focus more on mathematics, physics, and biology. By the late 1800s, many philosophers created their own disciplines and the era of modern psychology slowly emerged. They soon began calling themselves psychologist. Authors have varying opinion about the founding fathers of the said science; some traces its roots as far as Aristotle and Plato (Benjafield 1996). Other authors believe that modern psychology started at the introduction of experimental psychology and for this reason, several experimental psychologist were also named the father of psychology including, Wilhelm Wundt and Gustav Fechner (Matson, 2009). However, one thing is for sure about psychology – it originated in Europe and introduced in the United States sometime in the late 1880s. Prior to this period, psychology crosses the realms of the paranormal because many practitioners at that time engaged themselves in psychic healing and spiritual quest. They were known as pseudo-psychologists and they were particularly popular in Germany. At the onset of modern psychology in the United State, the discipline focused more on the academics. American psychologists at that time put more emphasis on teaching rather than engaging themselves in research. It was at this period when several schools of thoughts emerged to explain behavior, cognition, and consciousness. In this paper, two of the earliest school of thoughts will be discussed. These are Structuralism and Functionalism. These two will be compared and contrasted.
Each element of the matrix is represented by the same lower-case letter with two suffixes.