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Research paper about post traumatic stress disorder abstract
Relevance of conflict management skills
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Echterling, Presbury and McKee (2005) define crisis as a turning point in one’s life that is brief, but a crucial time in which, there is opportunity for dramatic growth and positive changes, as well as the danger of violence and devastation. They further state that whatever the outcome, people do not emerge from a crisis unchanged; if there is a negative resolution, the crisis can leave alienation, bitterness, devastated relationships and even death in its wake; on the other hand, if the crisis is resolved successfully a survivor can develop a deeper appreciation for life, a stronger sense of resolve, a mature perspective, greater feelings of competence, and richer relationships. Crisis intervention addresses acute problem situations and can help the individual discover an adaptive means of coping with a particular life stage, tragic occurrences or problem that generates a crisis situation. On the other hand, coping is defined as an action or set of actions that is employed to deal with a stressor (Laube, as cited in Dziegielewski 2004). During the crisis period normal methods of coping and problem solving do not work. This paper will highlight and examine “survivors coping” from the text “Crisis Intervention: Promoting Resilience and Resolution In Troubled Times” by Echterling, Presbury, and McKee in relation to the effectiveness of crisis intervention. Integration and Evaluation Echterling et al. (2005), claim that survivors who recover from a trauma and return to their state of well being, achieve positive transformation and transcendence involving a period of dramatic personal growth. Moreover, Chessick (as cited in Echterling, 2005) suggests that survivors in their response to crisis, either take a neurotic path whic... ... middle of paper ... ...rson Education Incorporated. Kanel, K. (2010). A Guide to Crisis Intervention (4th ed.). USA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Kozak, B., Strelau, J., & Miles, J. V. (2005). Genetic determinants of individual differences in coping styles. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 18(1), 1-15. doi:10.1080/10615800500040844 Li, M., Xu, J., He, Y., & Wu, Z. (2012). The Analysis of the Resilience of Adults One Year after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Journal Of Community Psychology, 40(7), 860-870. Roberts, A. & Yeager, K.R. (2009). The Pocket Guide to Crisis Intervention. New York: Oxford University Press Incorporated. Seely, M. R. (2007). Psychological Debriefing May Not Be Clinically Effective: Implications for a Humanistic Approach to Trauma Intervention. Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, Education And Development, 46(2), 172.
1. First, in order to prevent a crisis situation, it is very important to know your triggers and arousal patterns. I came to know how to maintain control when someone is triggered and how to reduce arousal patterns. This is course provide me with great knowledge that will help me during a crisis. I also came to know how attitudes, assumptions, and beliefs may influence the worker’s response.
Having several purposes, it focuses on reducing the overall intensity on a person’s emotions reaction to a crisis. The primary purpose focuses on helping individuals restore their level of functions before the crisis occurs. Functions may or may not improve by acquiring new coping skills and removing unproductive ways of coping, like withdrawal, isolation, and substance abuse. With this unique methods, individuals can properly equip themselves to cope with difficulties in the near future. Upon discussing about the ends of the situation, crisis intervention assisted individuals in their recovery process preventing serious long-term dilemma from developing. Documents have shown positive outcomes such as, declined distress and enhanced problem
A crisis may occur when an individual is unable to deal effectively with stressful changes in the environment. A stressful event alone does not constitute a crisis; rather, crisis is determined by the individual's view of the event and response to it. If the individual sees the event as significant and threatening, has exhausted all his/her usual coping strategies without effect, and is unaware or unable to pursue other alternatives, then the precipitating event may push the individual toward psychological disequilibrium, a state of crisis (Smead, 1988).
Resiliency is the ability to successfully overcome adversity (Seccombe, 2016). Learning resilience is a lifelong process. Elements at the macro and micro level produce the harsh conditions or recovery mechanisms (Seccombe, 2016). Macro-level elements include political and social systems. Micro-level elements consist of the family system and an individual’s characteristics. Additionally, it is these environmental factors and individual characteristics that foster either resignation or resilience (Seccombe, 2016). The book Louisa (Emmel, 2007), illustrates how a culture’s social policy was restrictive while the family structure and individual characteristics were the protective/recovery means that provided resilience.
A crisis is a major, unpredictable event that has potentially negative results. The event and its aftermath may significantly damage an organization and its employees, products, services, financial condition, and reputation. (p. 213) 2
level of functioning. It involves the new way of perceiving, coping, and problem-solving approach by crisis
When looking at the recovery model from a psychiatric rehabilitation perspective, there are a number of characteristics of the recovery process that have been suggested, which include: it is possible for recovery to occur without professional intervention, however this then requires people who believe in and stand by the person in recovery; it does not include dependence on believing specific theories about the cause of the circumstance; it can occur even if symptoms happen to re-occur, but this does not affect the frequency and duration of these symp...
The concept of crisis is a wide variety of meanings. It is used in various fields, such as medicine, economics, management, public administration, communications, history, psychology, political science, and international relations. In social relations, crises are chaotic situations that might be experienced by people. The word ‘crisis’ means disorder, in other words, crisis is a situation which is not normal or stable. This term means an urgent situation that suddenly happens and breaks the routine processes of any system.
The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience (Connor & Davidson 2003). The 10 and 2 item scales can be completed in between 1 and 5 minutes. The scale was administered to subjects in several settings including community sample for generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated ANOVA measure indicated that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. A copy of the instrument is attached at the appendix of this paper.
Although the definition of resilience often varies, it is commonly accepted that the concept of resilience depends on two basic assumptions: the occurrence of an adverse or stressing event in the individual 's life, and the development of psychological mechanisms that allow for surmounting such traumatic events (Gartland et al., 2011). Furthermore, whilst resilience was once thought to be an innate characteristic of an individual, it is currently considered to be a dynamic process, developed throughout the lifespan by facing and overcoming adversity. (Lemos, Moraes & Pellanda, 2016). Therefore, resilience is not considered to be absent or present in someone, but rather
Around the world, many people are faced with adversities and constant obstacles in their life that they will have to overcome. People often have to face adversities such as death, poverty, illness, disabilities, and environmental issues on a daily. Many people can overcome the adversities they are faced with, while others may struggle and need help overcoming their situation. Never the less if a person fails or succeeds in their attempt of overcoming their situation, this is still a part of their resilience.
Effective crisis intervention must follow ethical principles which ensure that client is not placed in further harm also that the decisions and opinions of the client are respected throughout the process and the intervention upholds a rights-based approach. This involves good listening communication skills, observing, understanding, genuineness, respect, acceptance, non-judgment and sensitivity demonstrating empathy, among other support provided by counselor. A number of specific strategies can be used to promote effective listening during crisis intervention. These include using open-ended questions - “what” or “how” questions. They are used to encourage sharing of information from a client about their feelings, thoughts and behaviors, and are particularly useful when exploring problems during a crisis. Closed-ended questions usually begin with action words such as "do", "does", "can", "have", "had", "will", "are", "is" and "was". These questions can be used to gather specific information or to understand the client 's willingness to commit to a particular action. Using close-ended questions that seek specific details and are designed to encourage the client to share information about behaviors (such as the specific actions or behavioral coping strategies used by the client), as well as “yes” or “no” responses. Restating and clarifying what the client has said can help the counselor conducting the crisis intervention to clarify whether he/she has an accurate understanding of what the client intended to say, feel, think and do. Restating can also be used to focus the discussion on a particular topic, event or issue. Owning feelings and using statements that start with “I” in crisis intervention can help to provide direction by being clear about what will
The experience of crisis occurs in three stages, first is a sharp and sudden increase in the person’s level of tension (Walsh, 2013, p. 310). Second, the person tries but fails to cope with the stress which increases the tension and contributes to the sense of being overwhelmed (Walsh, 2013, p. 310). The person at this point is highly receptive to accepting help (Walsh, 2013, p. 310). The third stage, within approximately four weeks, the crisis revolves, either negatively with an unhealthy coping mechanism or positively with successful management of the crisis and perhaps an enhanced sense of personal competence (Walsh, 2013, p. 310). The negative emotions that usually emerge in a person’s experience of crisis are anxiety, guilt, shame, sadness, envy, jealousy, and disgust (Walsh, 2013,
Crisis refers to the experience of a difficult situation that a person is unable to manage or handle due to loss of his/ her coping skills. Individuals who face crises usually lose their level of functioning, or known as being in the state of psychological disequilibrium. According to Belkin(1984), crisis is a personal difficulty or situation that immobilizes people and prevent them from consciously controlling their lives. When one is experiencing a crisis, it can potentially cause severe malfunctioning of thoughts, behaviours and feelings. This might lead to a point of injurious or lethal behaviour to oneself or others if not intervened timely.
Second, developing personal skills and strengthening family can act as a buffer against adversity and psychological disorders. Building individual resilience may include building hope, coping, optimism, and promoting interpersonal skills. This aims to enhance the capacity of