Recently we have became aware of the microRNAs (miRNAs) which seem to play a role in oncogenesis. Some of these miRNAs have the potential to become very promising targets for developing cancer therapies. In this study we have taken a look at some of the promising candidates identified in breast cancer; specifically miR-155 and the miR-17-92 cluster. We have examined the potential of these targets to be effected by miRNA silencing techniques. The specific technique we have employed in this study relies on the use of antigomirs, or anti-sense miRNA molecules that were shown to be effective in inhibiting miRNA. We have observed the effects of this prospective therapy in the mouse model of breast cancer. The results indicate that for the miR-155 target, the therapy is effective. Using luciferace imaging of the mice, the tumor size was seen to be decreased when compared to control. Furthermore the known targets of the miR-155 (MAF and SHIP1) were shown to be up- regulated compared to the non-treated control mouse. Following these results we have also preformed a micro-array analysis, comparing the gene expression of the treated tumor cells to non tumor and non treated tumor cells. From this analysis several new genes that could be interacting with the mir-155 were seen. Further studies would have to be conducted to determine the nature of these interactions and most importantly the interactions between them and cancer progression. The mir-17-92 cluster target failed to show the same exuberant results. Compared to the control, little if any reduction of tumor growth is seen. No up regulation of the mir-17-92 gene targets ( E2F1, BIM and PTEN) was observed. It is unclear at why there is a discrepancy between the two targets. Perhap...
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...hat were previously unconnected with breast cancer trough the use of two-dimensional gel analysis. This study was also able to identify protein expression patterns that were different from nucleic acid analysis (Wulfkuhle 2002 ). In another study, Adams et al used a protein biochip to develop an protein expression pattern for differentiating between prostate cancers and benign prostate hyperplasia. Such studies have paved the way for new oncogenic protein marker discovery (Bao-Ling Adam 2002). Through a different approach of using biotanilation and mass spectroscopy analysis, another study was able to identify several protein that correlated with liver metastasis (Borgia 2010) . The approaches described above can be applied to our model. Although it was beyond the scope of this study to look in this direction, this is the future direction of miR-155 research.
Breast cancer is one of the most common and important diseases that affect women and ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality in American women1. These cancers are triggered by germline mutations on the C-terminal of a gene called BRCA1 (or “Breast Cancer 1, Early Onset Gene”) tumor suppressor. The BRCA1 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 17 at region 2 band 1, consists of 24 exons and encodes a multidomain protein of 1863 amino acid residues in human2. The BRCA1 proteins produced from BRCA1 gene help preventing cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way3. The family of BRCA1 genes is called RING-type zinc fingers or RNF. The BRCA1 protein is characterized within the superfamily of Rad9-like proteins which consist of C-terminal BRCT repeats that assist in the binding of phosphorylated proteins in the DNA damage response and DNA repair4. Like many other genes involved in familial cancer, BRCA1 appears to encode a tumor suppressor, a protein that acts as a negative regulator of tumor growth1. BRCA1 proteins are important in genomic stability so loss of their function can cause genetic instability which lead to tumourigenesis. Thus, the sequence of BRCA1 protein is analyzed to the understanding the protein’s function in the development of the cancers.
A review of Genetec camera angles 10.79, 77.195, 10.63, 77.105, 77.96, 77.97, 10.122 and 10.16 between 1127 hours and 1236 hours captured the following: On October 19, 2017, at 1121 hours Officer Graves is observed entering 11 A housing area through the fired exit door escorting inmate Wallace. As Officer Graves was escorting Wallace to his cell, Wallace is topping in different cells and talking to the inmates inside there cells. At 1126:18 hours Officer Graves continued escorting Wallace to his cell. Camera angle 77.96 showed at 1126:32 hours Officer Graves and Wallace arrived to cell #2 and Wallace is observe turning his body and talking to inmates as they stood in front of Wallace’s cell. At 1126:45 hours cell door # 2 began to opened and Wallace entered his
The underlying purpose of the experiments performed in the study, Promoter Hypermethylation of KLF4 Inactivates its Tumor Suppressor Function in Cervical Carcinogenesis, is to investigate the mechanism by which the KLF4 gene is silenced in cervical carcinomas. Cervical cancer accounts for 250,000 female deaths every year. Developing therapies for cervical cancer has been limited due to the lack of genetic and epigenetic data of the mechanism causing the cancer. The KLF4 gene is a transcriptional regulator of cell growth and differentiation. It functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer, but is found to be inactivated in cervical cancer. The overexpression of KLF4 protein is known to inhibit cervical cancer cell growth and tumor formation by activating a cell cycle suppressor. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation can result in transcriptional silencing of many tumor suppressing genes. Two CpG regions, BSQ1 and BSQ3, were examined in this experiment.
Tests for cervical cancers and diseases are always progressing and the next step in identification molecular biomarkers. The use of these panels should coexist alongside the current LCB infrastructure increasing the chances of early diagnosis. HPV and its viral onco genes E6 and E7 has been found in 99+% of cervical neoplasia when both genes are expressed by damaging the DNA engineering dis-regulation (Walboomers. et al. 1999) (Giannoudis. et al. 2001). Other tumour molecules and proteins such as Ccd6 and p16(INNK4A) are over expressed in pre-cancer and malignant lesion production by un-restricted proliferation of malignant cells (Astbury, 2006). These markers could increase time periods between tests by increasing sensitivity (Hoyer. et al. 2005).
Nikitina, E. G., Urazova, L. N., & Stegny, V. N. (2012). MicroRNAs and Human Cancer.Experimental Oncology, 34(1), 2-8. Retrieved from http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/eol/2012_1/002.pdf
RNA Interference has been successfully applied in many fields of medicines used to treat issues such as, Parkinson’s and Lung Cancer. One study, sponsored by Alnylam Phar...
Over the years, the fight against ovarian cancer has proven itself to be even more difficult due to the cancer being asymptomatic at its early stages. For this reason,...
Results Program Turning Cancer Data Into Discovery." Cancer of the Brain and Other Nervous System. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014. .
In today’s society, one of the main diseases affecting women is breast cancer. Cancer is defined as disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues (“What is Cancer?”). Breast cancer is most often caused by either a woman’s genetics or through the influence of lifestyle choices. Breast cancer remains one of the major concerns in the medical field, mainly because it has many forms and happens to strike a large number of women. However, over the last few decades, diagnosing and treating breast cancer has rapidly evolved and improved. As of 2013, there are more than 2.8 million breast cancer survivors in the United States (“What Are the Key…”).
To a parent, the thought of their child having a severe, yet rare genetic disease brings guilt, sadness, and responsibility to an aching heart. Parents who see their child pass through life with the weight of a terminal illness often wish in their hearts that the curse had been placed upon them rather than their child. To some, the thought of the old cliché "no parent ought to see their child die" seems to swim endlessly in their mind. The hope for a cure fills the hearts of many waiting on the edge of their seats in hopes for a better quality of life for themselves, loved ones, and human kind. The news of success with a novel technology in putting to rest these diseases brings a purpose in life. Such is the case with Ashanti DeSilva, a four-year-old girl diagnosed with severe combined immune deficiency (Human Gene Therapy).
“Since 1990, over 6 million Americans have died of cancer, more than the combined casualties from the Civil war, WWII, and the Vietnam and Korean conflicts combined” (Faguet, p. 5). According to American Cancer Society projections, there were 1,529,560 new cases of cancer in 2010. Cancer is becoming more and more common around the world. New cancers are constantly being discovered. Researchers are finding new ways to detect cancer and treat it so that the fatality rate does not rise. However, there are some cancers that researchers have not yet discovered a cure for. It is very important for Cancer Research to continue so that one day these cancers will no longer be a treat.
The diversity and the unity of life are equally meaningful and striking aspects of our Earth (Dobzhansky, 1973). Although an astounding 1.2 million species have already been identified, it is estimated that another 8.7 million are yet to be discovered and classified (Mora et al., 2011). By understanding what unifies us –our genes, our understanding of the organisms we share our planet with will continue to grow.
There is no surprise that food is important in all aspects of our lives—it is shared amongst families, celebrated as a major part of our culture, and crucial to our daily routine that keeps us fit, healthy, and active. Today’s western culture glorifies a skewed perspective on how food is supposed to fit into our lives. Somehow this perception has led us to believe we no longer have the time or money it takes to prepare a wholesome, healthy meal that is shared at the dinner table with family. Instead, we are trained to want a meal that is fast, cheap, and easy. This meal is usually highly processed and filled with sugars and fats. This has led us to a problem of epidemic proportions characterized by the rapid increase in obesity and diabetes.
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
Blood and urine based biomarkers used in molecular pathology are only indicative of the average response of the cell population affected with little or no information of the range of response or variability form areas of tissue (Naddler and Langley 2001)