What is Telecommunications?
Telecommunications enables people around the world to contact one another, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. It usually involves a sender and one or more recipients linked by a technology, such as a telephone system, or computer network (LANs or WANs), that transmits information from one place to another. Devices used for telecommunications can convert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic signals. These signals then can be transmitted to different types of media such as telephone wires, or radio waves. Once the signal reaches its destination it then gets converted back into an understandable message, such as the sound on a telephone, video on a television screen, or pictures on a computer monitor, Telecommunications also allows to send and receive personal messages across town, between countries, and to and from outer space. It also provides the key medium for news, data, information and entertainment.
Telecommunication messages can be sent in a variety of ways, and by a wide range of devices (radios, televisions, telephones, computers, etc.). They can be sent from one sender to a single receiver (point-to-point) or to many receivers (point-to-multipoint). Point-to-point transmission usually involves telephone conversations or a facsimile (fax) message. Point-to-multipoint transmissions (also called broadcasts), provide the basis for commercial radio and television programming.
Most personal computers communicate with each other and with larger networks, such as the internet, by using the ordinary telephone line. Since the telephone network functions by converting sound into electronic signals, the computer must first convert its digital data into sound. They do this with a device called a modem, which is short for modulator/demodulator. A modem converts a stream of 1s and 0s from a computer into an analog signal that can be transported over a telephone network. The modem of the receiving computer demodulates the analog signal back into a digital form that the computer can understand. The internet can also be accessed by higher speed sources, such as cable, DSL and ISDN.
Telecommunications systems deliver messages using a number of dif...
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... they need to be in, or may have several errors contained in them.
· Routers – Connect network segments and intelligently direct data. They are used to connect LANs to WANs. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. The strength of a router lies in its intelligence, they can determine the shortest fastest path between nodes. The internet relies on millions of routers around the world.
· Switches – Subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces. Operates from the Data Link layer of the OSI model. By having multiple ports, they can make better use of limited bandwidth and prove more cost efficient then bridges. Each port on the switch acts like a bridge, and each device connected to a switch effectively receives its own dedicated channel. In other words, a switch can turn a shared channel into several channels.
· Network Operating Systems – A special system software designed to manage data and other resources on a server for a number of clients. Network operating systems also provide the ability to manage network security, network users and groups, protocols, and networked applications.
The tools of communication have long served a single purpose, that of transmitting information from people to people. Direct communication was long ago realised with sign language and speech, but when people spread out, a kind indirect communication was needed. Thus we created (or rather, hired) the messenger. (Necessity is the mother of invention.) This evolved later into a postal service, connected around the world by a network of synchronised offices of a similar nature. For a long time, indirect communication was the only way to communicate over long distances. Once the telegraph came along, however, people were able to instantly communicate information over long distances. This evolved somewhat into the telephone, which spawned the radio and television. As these were developed, the efficiency and clarity of these transmissions improved, and this allowed the world to know what was happening anywhere else in the world at any given time.
Morse code and the telegraph were ingenious yet simple. Operators used a simple method of dots and dashes for letters and numbers. When the Morse Key was pressed the electric circuit was open and when released the electric circuit was closed. The electrical current traveled through the wire to a printer device that printed a tape of the code message which an operator would translate. This simple solution to communicating long distance has improved and evolved into a newer technology, the packet switch. The single signal wire has evolved into fiber optics. Communicating one at a time has evolved into mass communication.
Communication is how we make contact with others and it being understood. It involves people sending and receiving messages from one person to another. This could be from one person to another, over text, email or even a phone call.
A router is a device that connects two networks – frequently over large distances. It understands one or more protocols.
Back in the 1980's, when all music sucked and men dressed like fags, a bunch of sissy Europeans got together in a passionate effort to overstandardize computer networking. They created this thing called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking suite. Anyone who has taken a CS (Computer Science) or CIS (Computer Information Systems) course knows this; they cram this fact down the student's throat from day freaking one. It is only when the student enters the real world do they realise that the OSI seven layer model is a sham.
The second layer of the OSI model is the data link layer. This is the layer that transports the data between network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or on the same local area network (LAN) between nodes. The data link layer makes available the procedural and functional means to move data between network devices and could provide the measures to find and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. The security vulnerabi...
How does data pass through the internet? If you said decision support systems, you are correct. In an indecisive world, network hardware devices uses decision support systems (DSS) to efficiently and effectively route data, in a local area network, with the least amount of errors and inconsistencies. Decision support systems are the brains behind network hardware, and would be near impossible for them to work without the intelligent core of each distinct DSS. There are a variety of network hardware devices: switches, hubs, and routers; and they all use algorithms/procedures to transfer data towards the correct destination. Although there are many more DSS related methods used to route traffic, this paper describes how these three devices use them and each of there functions. Other types of decision support systems that network hardware devices may use are firewall technology, network address translation, and filter tables, which are all described in this paper.
The sender encodes the information and selects the communication channel through which the message is sent, the receiver receives and decodes the message and
The OSI model provided for a solution to this problem. The model organized those tasks that are essential for computer network operation, into seven groups. These groups were called layers. All manufacturers of computing equipment were recommended to make their products compliant with the OSI model. This meant that each computing product was to perform the functions associated with a specific layer within the model; any method of accomplishing these functions was acceptable. In a network composed of equipment that operated according to OSI guidelines, a separate product would be used to perform each layer of OSI functionality. Thus, all elements of the network would be aware of the specific jobs performed by every other network element; this would allow for compatibility between networking products that were created by different vendors. By designing networks according to OSI guidelines, the networker was able to combine any group of products, made by any number of vendors, into a functioning computer network (Stamper 28).
First up, the Internet. The Internet is a vast collection of different networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services. In this section, they go into great detail about the history, like how it started as a military project, and even talk about how users gain access to the modern version through ISPs (Internet Service Providers). For our second example, the author writes about third-generation mobile phone networks, or 3G. Initially deployed in 2001, this systems offers both digital voice and broadband digital data services. One benefit to this system is mobility which comes from the ability of data to be handed off from one cell tower to
Gateways provide nodes with a contactless connection into the resources that are available for the users. The basic gateways that are installed in many pc are called NIC’s or network interface card (Andrews, 2006, pp. 846-847). These gateways can wither be hardware or protocols within the given equipment that in installed. It is essential that data have the ability to transverse the network. However, to accommodate this function, the data needs to be accepted/rejected and/or forward or dropped. For the purpose of connecting nods, networks, and interaction, gateways must be present. Without any form of implementing gateways, communications would be non-existent. However, the term gateway can also be referred to as routers, wiles AP’s, switches, and hubs. This is fairly easy to distinguish as it points to some form of access to the networks resources.
There are several advantages to the layered approach provided by the OSI model. With the design separated into smaller logical pieces, network design problems can be easier to solve through divide and conquer techniques. Vendors who follow the model will produce equipment that is much more likely to be compatible with equipment from other vendors. The OSI model also provides for more extensible network designs. New protocols and other network services are more easier added to a layered architect.
a) Messages in this form of communication can reach a wider variety of persons in various locations.
People in the present society have turned from the use of the old means of communication to the more advanced and technological ways of communicating. Technology has made it easier for people to communicate in a faster, efficient, and cost saving means through the introduction of the communication channels. The world has turned out to be the centre for technology with different technologies emerging daily as the people continue to develop from time to time to cope with the growing technology. The benefits of adopting the communication technology are explained in this article which shows why people do not function without technology.
Communication is the sharing of information between two or more persons or groups to reach a common understanding. In the communication, the information or ideas conveyed must be understood. Effective communication allows participants to properly exchange ideas. Communication is the two way process of exchanging information. Communication can be done through oral, verbal and written communication. Information is transmitted as words, tone of voice, and gestures and postures. Information can be shared face to face or by telephone, fax, e-mail, text messaging, videoconferencing, electronic-portfolios, chat, memos, letters, reports, etc. The number and types of methods increase as information technology systems become ever more involving a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge.