The Evolving Provincial-Local Financial Relationship in Canada, and the Prospects for Municipal Fiscal Autonomy
After tracing the evolution of the provincial-local financial relationship in Canada it has become apparent that the trend, throughout history, has been towards greater Provincial control and in turn less fiscal autonomy for the municipality. There has been an increase (due to demand as well as downloading from the provinces) in the functions and responsibilities of the municipality, as well as the cost of these functions, and a decrease in fiscal resources and revenue sources.
Yet, It has only been in very recent years that we have seen a trend moving in the direction of Municipal fiscal autonomy. The trend towards Municipal fiscal autonomy is possibly more prevalent today then it has ever been. The proposal of such things as Glen Murray’s New Deal for Winnipeg, and Paul Martin’s proposed change in federal-provincial-municipal relations (of the same name), provides optimism for local fiscal autonomy in the future.
The Baldwin Act was the beginning of Provincial Regulation over the Municipality. It was based on several principles including the decree that “Municipal Councils were the creatures of the provincial legislature and were subject to its sovereign authority.” The second principle of the Baldwin Act stated that a municipality’s power should vary with its size and character (i.e. whether it was rural or urban), and the third principle stated that members of council should be elected from only those people who held stakes in local property. “The powers of the municipal councils were strictly defined by the provincial legislature and strictly interpreted by the courts.” The Baldwin Act was only the beginning of what would be decades of development that would hinder the autonomy and independence of local government. The Baldwin Act began the landslide of provincial downloading, conditional grants and a provincial-local relationship that seems more like a parent child relationship then a relationship between two elected governing bodies. Early municipal roles were much more simple and straightforward then they are today, but they were dependent on much the same source of revenue as modern municipalities. Although modern municipalities receive much more assistance from the provinces as well as the federal government then did their early counterparts, they have very few new ways of generating substantial revenue other then through property tax.
Since the Baldwin act, the provinces have tightened their grip mainly in times where municipalities were in a state of great financial need, or where the demand on them seemed to exceed their functional ability.
Thomas Jefferson is most noted as being the author of the Declaration of Independence as well as our third president. He was also a diplomat, an architect, a musician, and scientist. His last act of public service was the founding of the University of Virginia in 1819. He valued this accomplishment as much as his authorship of the Declaration of Independence. However, his presidency left great legacies that touch the lives of all Americans still today. He will forever be associated with the Supreme Court decision in the case of "Marbury v Madison," the greatest land transaction in history, the Louisiana Purchase, and with the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution. Mr. Jefferson is firmly entrenched alongside George Washington and Abraham Lincoln as one of the truly great Americans.
An additional assessment concern is roof flashing. Roof flashing is a line of defense against water leakage. Usually water flashing barriers are composed of a sheet of metal, galvanized steel or aluminum, that is positioned over the joints in the roof and wall construction to stop water from seeping inside the home. A frequent cause of significant water damage to a residence is malfunctioning roof flashing.
Another way that Thomas Jefferson shows his moral character is in his most famous achievement, the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. This document is probably the most important document in the history of the United States, and one of the most important in the history of the world. Jefferson writes that “all men are created equal”
The city’s budget crisis was not a surprise, the City Manager had forecasted the shortfall and brought it to the attention of the city council. Based on the organizational structure, the City Manager clearly had more knowledge and information about the city’s budget, which was his source of power. However, the city council actually controls the resources (money in this case) and how and where to distribute the resource. Both, the City Manager and city council possess authority and power that neither want to relinquish; as a result, the employees suffered. Smithville city leaders needed to come together at the onset of the budget crisis and work together in a direct democratic fashion. When leaders come together and synthesize facts and resources, organizational members can increase the power they exert within an organization (Morgan, 2006). The budget crisis could potentially have been avoided had city leaders made an appeal to the public, explained the situation and offered a reasonable solution to the problem. Moreover, the transparency would have relieved some tension between the City Manager, city council, and the three labor unions. Because the city was not transparent and forthcoming with union leaders, the city negotiators enter the negotiation process giving members false hope of receiving salary and benefit increases when there were none to give. In summary, given the current situation, the City Manager needed to exert his expert power on the budget issue, join alliance with the union leaders, and push the city council to change city charter to implement the sales tax, which would have potentially off-set the budget
Fast forward to the late 20th and 21st century and the new metal roofing systems offer incredible advances in manufacturing, coating processes, and economical feasibility. Metal roofing systems offer a plethora of styles and colors, and improved manufacturing techniques to virtually eliminate the drawbacks of older metal roofing systems. Metal roof systems are gaining residential market popularity in every region of the United States. One of th...
In the 1870s, aside from Manitoba, the remainder of the North-West was wholly without any form of government. This meant that nominal control was in the hands of Manitoba’s lieutenant-governor until 1873: after-which he was given an appointed council to help out. One of the most notable actions made by the lieutenant-governor, and his council in 1873 was the creation of the NWMP (North-West Mounted Police). It was not until after the North-West Territories act of 1875 that the North-West Territories received their own, exclusive, lieutenant-governor. Still, without their own judicial and police force, primary power laid in the hands of Ottawa: who had the ability to disallow any locally driven ordinances. The Metis people remained relatively independent and politically involved, organizing their own local government by 1875, despite the pseudo-federal administration imposed on the North-West. However, it was all grou...
Does your part of the country sees cold winters? If so, your homes roof is going to be taking a lot of abuse. Now and hail could be causing problems with a roof that has asphalt shingles, and the cold temperatures can cause problems with freezing water and ice dams. Here is what you need to know to prevent damage to your roof this winter.
Asphalt shingles are the most common roofing material and they can be easily installed by in a DIY project. They are usually inexpensive and easy to work with. It is always better though to hire professional roofers. They can cost around a 1,000 to 3,000 dollars for the roof of a typical house. There is large variance in these prices, because of the shape of different roofs as well as the different qualities of asphalt that are available in the market.
Asphalt shingles are manufactured with a layer of granules on them. These protect the roof with an additional layer, but they do wear away over time. For instance, you may see the tiny pieces of guanuals at the bottom of your downspout after a recent hair storm, since the hair will cause the granules to fall off and be washed into
Regionalism is a political ideology based on a collective sense of place or attachment, and is discussed in terms of Canadian society, culture, economy and politics (Westfall, 3). Canada is known internationally as a nation incorporating several multiregional interests and identities into its unification of culture. Its diverse population is comprised of numerous ethnicities, religions, sexual orientations and traditions; and all resides under one federal government. Ever since the founding of Canada, it has developed into regional cleavages and identities, based on various geographical topologies, lifestyles and economic interests (Westfall, 6). It is these characteristics which make it problematic for the federal government to represent all demands of its people on a national level. Regionalism is thus an issue within regards to political proficiency in the Federal government.
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Alternative Federal Budget 2011, Report: Rethink, Rebuild, Renew (pg. 69, 70, 72, 75) Retrieved from: http://www.policyalternatives.ca/AFB2011
The Prime Minister of Canada is given much power and much responsibility. This could potentially create a dangerous situation if the government held a majority and was able to pass any legislation, luckily this is not the case. This paper will argue that there are many limitations, which the power of the prime minister is subject too. Three of the main limitations, which the Prime Minister is affected by, are; first, federalism, second the governor general and third, the charter of rights and freedoms. I will support this argument by analyzing two different types of federalism and how they impact the power of the Prime Minister. Next I will look at three of the Governor Generals Powers and further analyze one of them. Last I will look at the impact of the charter from the larger participation the public can have in government, and how it increased the power of the courts.
Doc was someone whom Peekay looked up too, causing him to have a major impact on his life. For example Doc once said “It is better to be wrong then simply to follow convention. If you are wrong, no matter, you have learned something and you will grow stronger.”(pg. 157) With this statement Peekay realizes that sometimes being right isn’t the best option. As he grows up his confidence and knowledge grows to high heights, and for a most part he learned a lot from Doc. He also helped Peekay to realize that camouflaging his intelligence is not the right thing to do. “To be smart is not a sin. But to be smart and not use it, that, Peekay is a sin.”(pg. 162) Before hearing this Peekay would not show people how smart he actually was, instead he would try to camouflage it from people. But thanks to Doc, Peekay found that his intelligence would help him instead of harm him. From there on he would show people his knowledge and would be rewarded. So as you can see Doc taught Peekay many great lessons that helped him get through all of his challenges and
Some athletes seek a psychologist for fears of failure and performance outcome or help with making sure they’re mentally prepared for the big game. Sports psychologist, as well as other psychologists, play a huge role in assisting clients to access their full potential. Helping an athlete to create and obtain goals can impact his or her performance. There are three main types of goals, outcome, performance and process goals. The completion of each goal has its result and level of effectivity. The choice of goal setting used depends on the individual’s unique need; this can also be a combination of goals or all three.
The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996) is an American action and thriller movie directed by Renny Harlin. At the beginning, the plot portrays the lead role, Samantha Caine, as a school teacher in a small town in Pennsylvania. Samantha lives with her boyfriend and her daughter, and remembers nothing about her past life. During the Christmas holidays, the heroine meets with an accident and consequently starts to get flashes of her past life. As the actress decides to discover her forgotten life, she unveils an extremely contradicting personality from her past, Charly. As Samantha uncovers Charly, she is confused whether to remain in her present life or go back to her past life. The main theme of the movie is the dual identity of Samantha/Charly, as the