4. The word hominid refers to members of the family of humans. It includes all species from our human ancestors and also all living apes, such as the Hominoidea.
The hominid fossil record will not be complete for a long while, but there is enough evidence for researchers to give us good idea about the history of humans. There are a number of fossils that have been found throughout the researchers journeys. One of them is called Ardipithecus ramidus. It is the oldest known hominid species, found in Aramis, Ethiopia in 1994 by Tim White. Most remains are skull fragments. Indirect evidence suggests that it was possibly bipedal, and that some individuals were about 4'0 tall. The teeth appear to be more apelike than any other hominid. Another fossil is the Australopithecus africanus which was found by Dr. Raymond Dart in 1925 in a limestone quarry in South Africa. Brain size ranged between 420 and 500 cc. Although the teeth and jaws of africanus are much larger than those of humans, they are far more similar to human teeth than to ape teeth. There are eight species named so far. There are two general categories for these species, “gracile” which is slightly built and “robust” which is heavier built.
Australopithecus afarensis is another fossil that existed between 3.18 million years ago. It was found in Hador, Ethiopia. A. Afarensis had an apelike face with a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, and no chin. They had jaws that were sticking out with large back teeth. Their brain size was from about 400 to 500 cc. The skull is similar a chimpanzee, except for the more humanlike teeth. The canine teeth are much smaller than those of modern apes, but larger and more pointed than those of humans. Their pelvis and leg bones resemble those of modern man, and they were bipedal. Their bones show that they were physically very strong. Females were significantly smaller than males. Height varied between 3'6" and 5'0" and they weighed about 35-50lbs. Australopithecus robustus existed 1-2 million years ago. They had a similar body to that of africanus, but a much larger and more robust skull and teeth. It weighed about 75-200lbs and was about 3.5-4.5 feet tall. It has a big flat face with no forehead and large brow ridges. It has fairly small front teeth, but massive grinding teeth in the lower jaw. Most speci...
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...t but they don't know for what purpose. The Neanderthals also built structures out of wood, mammoth bone, and animal skins. There has been evidence in the Ukraine, where ten sites contained the remains of mammoth structures.
Apart from making structures out of mammoth bones, Neanderthals also made tents out of wood and animals skins. An example of this type of structure is located at the French site of Terre Amata. This is where large huts were found and in the inside of the hut, they found a fireplace, a fireside, numerous stone tools, and pieces of animal bones.
It is believed that after the modern humans invaded Europe, they brought a lot of new behaviors with them . Behaviors such as the use of symbols and pictures. The last of the Neanderthals somehow followed these new behaviors and started to make body ornaments, and some type of jewels. In one of the last videos we watched in class it mentioned they had found ornaments and beads inside the caves. The researchers in this movie believed it was a form of expression for the Neanderthals. They believed it was a form of creating social standing and relationship.
Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path" is a story that emphasizes the natural symbolism of the
Boom! This sound was very common coming off the bat of Jackie Robinson when he was on the baseball field, but it had a resounding echo on society and especially those fighting for the rights of blacks in the United States. While Jackie Robinson was an incredible player on the field, his more significant impacts were actually on areas of society other than baseball. Until 1947, when Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers and manager Branch Rickey, no other African American had ever played in Major League baseball. This was huge news throughout the United States, and Robinson was voted America’s second most popular personality, only behind Bing Crosby (Dorinson, 2012, p. 55). Until this point, African Americans had been dealing with the constraints of the Jim Crow laws, which enforced segregation of African Americans from whites. However, Robinson breaking the color barrier in a previously completely white sport turned some heads and made people rethink the situation of blacks in American society. Rubenstein (2003) attributed that “one of baseball’s most important roles has been to
... on foot and that alone is hard as it is. Eudora Welty shows her theme that with an adequate amount of determination and confidence we can tackle any problem or obstacle that is thrown our way and go the extra mile to reach our objective that we had set. Of course being restrained by time and age, Phoenix still fights and steps forward to a goal which is very significant to her heart; she doesn’t allow any barrier get in her way. Phoenix Jackson being the main character of “A Worn Path” is clear
Raymond Rogers, David Krause, and Kristina Curry Rogers found significant evidence that the carnivorous dinosaur, Majungatholus atopus, was also a cannibal (Krause et al 2003). The dinosaur remains of the Majungatholus atopus were dated in the late Cretaceous Period from 65 to 70 million years ago. The Majungatholus atopus inhabited the plains of the northwestern Madagascar and bones and teeth continue to be found throughout the Maevarno Formation and within the channel-belt deposits of the Anembalemba Member. The Majungatholus is commonly found, along with other vertebra taxa in ‘bonebeds’ in the Madagascar area, which is probably the reason this dinosaur is still preserved. The trio discovered teeth marks in many bones of the ribs, ilium, and precaudal axial skeleton co...
These individuals are portrayed by modern society as brooding, selfish, beasts of nature. Evidence can be pulled from all over Europe to provide a perfect explanation about how Neanderthals were anything but. Neanderthals had the ability to take care and look after those who could not do so for their self. One of the best-known cases of compassion among the Neanderthals was the “Old Man of La Chapelle.” This name was given to a male found in a limestone bedrock found in France in 1908. He was dated to have lived 56,000 years ago and was the first nearly complete Neanderthal specimen ever found. Scientist estimate that he was relatively old by Neanderthal standards and where his teeth used to be have now been grown in with bone. This indicates that the man lost his teeth sometimes long before he died, allowing the gums to heal and bone to takes it place. He was lacking teeth and would have had trouble chewing his food, this combined with his age would have made survival rather difficult. The old man’s skeleton was also riddled with other sorts of ailments, broken bones, which made life difficult to handle unless he had helped. The other members of the community would have worked together to take care of him until his death. Other Neanderthals remains have signs of server damage that could have been potentially life-threatening, but evidence shows that some of the injuries were completely healed. Indicating that those Neanderthals that had suffered grievous injuries were nursed back to health by other members of the
The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the “A Worn Path,” written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is.
Feder and Park present a list of traits that are used by paleoanthropologists to distinguish the appearance of skeletal features and characterize these changes over time. Th...
Welty, Eudora. “A Worn Path.” Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 4th Compact Ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008, pp. 95-100.
The species A. afarensis is one of the better known australopithecines, with regards to the number of samples attributed to the species. From speculations about their close relatives, the gorilla and chimpanzee, A. afarensis’ probable social structure can be presumed. The species was named by Johanson and Taieb in 1973. This discovery of a skeleton lead to a heated debate over the validity of the species. The species eventually was accepted by most researchers as a new species of australopithecine and a likely candidate for a human ancestor.
“A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty is a short fictional story first published in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1941. Welty was an American short-story writer and novelist. Welty was a photographer before she started writing so her stories were as detailed as her photographs. Some reccurring themes she used in her literary pieces were social prejudice, isolation, and southern living. This short story includes these common themes she favored throughout her works. There are multiple themes in this fictional story. Some themes presented in this story include racism, family, and responsibility. The most prominent theme is the age and perseverance, because the protagonist is predisposed to failure given her age but her tenacity keeps her going.
Leaky, Meave G., “New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages.” Nature 2001:433-440
With the fall of the Soviet Union after the Cold War the United States came out of the conflict as the supreme superpower in world politics. This caused the system to change from bipolar to unipolar. It is theorized
Much of the debate over whether species should be separated into different groups arises from the morphological differences between individuals of the same species. For example, Australopithecus Afarensis fossils express high sexual dimorphism, which proposes two individual species (Reno et al., 2003). While Australopithecus Africanus, in comparison, shows more realistic size ratios between males and females suggesting one species (Lockwood, 1999). A study performed by Richmond and Jungers looked at the size variation in Australopithecus Afarensis compared to living hominoids to answer the following question: whether it is possible to see such high differences in size between genders of the same species or whether it makes more sense to divide the species into two (1995). In this study, a conclusion of two separate species for the Australopithecus Afarensis was made based on comparisons of fossils such as the humorous and femur with modern gorillas (Richmond & Jungers, 1995). This study compared the size of postcranial fossils. While most of the research has focused on making interpretations based on only cranial fossils, research by Harmon agrees that by looking at postcranial evidence we can gain better insight into the real variations between and within species (2009). Most research assumes high dimorphism wi...
She also says that “[men have] the option of being unmarked” by simply choosing to wear the expected clothing and displaying the standard hair style (88). Tannen is incorrect in this statement because women have the option of being unmarked as well. For example, by simply following standard business attire for women (suit/blazer, skirt/pants), they can choose to be unmarked. As for hairstyle, having a long (around shoulder length) hair length is the unmarked case for women, but this would be marked as different if a man had such a hairstyle. For example, there were two young men in my Boy Scout troop who let their hair grow long. If they were girls, this difference would have been overlooked, since they were men, this sent a message, and most of the other youth marked them as strange. A woman with long hair is seen as the standard, unmarked case, a man with long hair, not so much. Just as Tannen says that “Men can choose styles that are marked, but they don’t have to” women also can choose to be unmarked
“Authors use setting to create meaning, just as painters use backgrounds and objects to render ideas.” - Literary Anthology. The setting of "A Worn Path" by Eudora Welty, takes place on a cold December morning during the 1940 's. In "A Worn Path", the setting allows readers to grasp a better understanding of various components which make up the story. The components are the character qualities, symbols and the mood and atmosphere. The path the main character, Phoenix, follows to the city and what she endures through her journey shows what kind of person Phoenix is and the true qualities of her character. The symbols found in the setting allow a deeper incite to the meaning of the story and why they are present.