The History of Newspapers
Today, people can use newspapers to find out many things. One can use the newspaper to check sports scores, get the day's news, read "feel good" stories, or even find out their horoscope. It was not always that way. From the "Acta Diurna," reported in the ancient Roman empire, to the New York
Times, newspapers have come a long way. In this report, the distance that newspapers have traveled since their inception is going to be outlined.
Before literacy was commonplace in societies, town criers would announce the news of the land to the land's people. These criers used oratory skills to spread the news on crossroads and the marketplace. Messengers would be commissioned to report to the town after battles to report a victory or a defeat to the townspeople. As people became more civilized and language and literacy was developed, news that was delivered by spoken word was starting to be written down.
In 59 BC, Julius Caesar released the "Acta Diurana." This was a daily gazette which was printed and hung in the Roman Forum. This gazette would report news of Rome, such as military campaigns, executions, and trials. The
Chinese also started government-produced news sheets called the taipo. While the "Acta" was the news for the entire populace of Rome, the taipo was only for the government officials until about 618 AD Those were the only noted types of printed news until 1456, when Gutenburg invented movable type.
Soon after the printing press was invented, there was a written account of a tournament in Rome in about 1470. There were letters written by
Christopher Columbus which were circulating Barcelona before Columbus returned from Spain in 1493. For about one-hundred-thirty years, there were pamphlets, sheets of paper, and books being printed and circulated with news events. Although these were written accounts of news utilizing movable type, they were not considered newspapers. Modern newspapers as we know them began in the late1500's.
In 1566, the Venetian avisi began. This publication was regularly distributed throughout Venice. There was information about wars and politics in Italy and also the rest of Europe. They were printed weekly. This set the stage for other newspapers to follow the format outlined in those papers.
They employed the style of using a dateline...
... middle of paper ...
...than they ever had before, a circulation war was inevitable. As circulation wars heated up, newspapers were in competition to get the best news first. The wire services became born.
Edward W. Scripps and William Randolph Hearst developed news services.
Scripps started the Associated Press in 1907 and Hearst started the
International News Service in 1909. As the country and its settlers realized their manifest destiny, the news services became very important to national news in city papers. After that point not too many events happened that really shaped the newspaper world. The age of the internet and computers has been the first thing to change newspapers in a long time.
Now with the internet, the world is at everyone's fingertips. Never before had people had access to all of the information that they have now.
It is going to be very interesting to see what is going to be done next.
Bibliography
Black, Jay; Bryant, Jennings; Thompson, Susan. Introduction to Media
Communication.
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 1998. pp.113-147.
Stephens, Mitchell. "History of Newspapers". For Collier's Encyclopedia.
Http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/Collier's%20page.htm
"In the fall of 1999, Arts & Entertainment Television aired a three-hour series titled, “Biography of the Millennium." The show counted down from 100 the most influential people of the last 1000 years, and number one on the list was Johannes Gutenberg. This German craftsman revolutionized the world in the 1450s by inventing the printing the printing press"(Background Essay). The most important consequence of the printing press were it changes life of millions, we learn from it by reading books, magazines, novels and it spread because everyone started using it pretty quickly.
“The story is worth more than the paper it is printed on.” Frank Munsey’s words symbolized the history of the pulp magazine. Frank Munsey started the pulp magazine craze with his first magazine, the Argosy, in 1896. The Argosy was a revamping of his children’s magazine, the Golden Argosy, shifting its focus from children to adults. The Argosy offered large amounts of fiction for a low price, because these stories would be printed on cheap pulpwood scraps, thus gaining the name ‘pulp magazine’. The pulp magazine has been a part of American history for well over a hundred years. During the late 1890’s, there was a period of high immigration. These immigrants and other working poor had no source of inexpensive literature, and this led to the development of the pulp magazine. Pulp magazines held a collection of stories in every issue, serialized so that in the following issue the next chapter of the story would appear. Since the first pulp magazine’s success, the Argosy, other magazines spawned, such as All-Story and Weird Story, and sinc...
Edward R. Murrow’s profound impact on the field of journalism defines much of what the modern news media industry is today. Edward R. Murrow’s career offers aspiring journalist a detailed set of standards and moral codes in how a journalist should receive and report the news. The development of CBS is largely attributed to Murrow, and derives from his ambitious attitude in utilizing the television and radio to deliver the news. Murrow gained a stellar reputation in the minds of American’s during WWII by placing himself in the heart of the war, and delivering information through radio in his famous This is London broadcasts. His battles with Senator Joseph McCarthy are largely referred to as his most prominent achievement in which Murrow exposed the unfair practices of Senator McCarthy in his wild accusations on those in the American public of being affiliated with communism. At the RTNDA conference Murrow arguably deliver his most famous speech, which included his hopes and fears of the news media industry in years to come. Although much of today’s news media industry would be held in disdain in the mind of Murrow his practices are still referred due and held in high regard by his contemporaries and fellow aspiring journalist. Edward R. Murrow set the standard of American journalism, and had the largest individual impact on the news media industry in history.
Over the past twenty years, the Australian newspaper industry has changed significantly, yet remains to be one of the nation’s integral cultural industries. According to Roy Morgan Research (2015), newspapers continue to wield great influence since they reach 12.3 million of 23.8 million Australian residents each week (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2015). One of the impetuses of the changing newspaper landscape is media ‘convergence’: the dissolving distinctions between media systems, content, and trade (Cunningham &Turnbull 2014). This essay will argue that over the past twenty years, the Australian newspaper industry has been in decline, firstly because advertising revenue has decreased as technological advancements supplant the printed
The media object I have chosen is the Paper Magazine’s cover photo of winter 2014 issue featuring 34 year old famous reality TV star, model, actress, businesswomen and entrepreneur named Kim Kardashian. Paper Magazine is an independent New York City based magazine which focuses on pop culture, fashion, art, music and film. There were a lot of cover of other models and famous celebrities like Katy Perry, Fergie and Mariah Carey. And many of these photo covers were captured by a famous French contemporary photographer and designer, Jean Paul Goude. He re-created his most famous shot for the winter 2014 issue of Paper Magazine which was based on his 1976 shot of a black woman Carolina Beaumont which was referred to as the “Champagne Incident”.
In nineteenth-century society, a time well versed in the uses and advantages of Gutenberg’s printing press, the typewriter changed the way people thought about writing. Since the introduction of the printing press four centuries earlier, there had been a very limited amount of new inventions pertaining to writing or the world of the mechanized press. Advancements certainly had been made to modernize the printing process, but the typewriter was the next invention that would change the face of writing. The typewriter made writing more common and accessible and loosened up proper business etiquette. Professionals shifted from the mindset of having to write a handwritten letter regarding company updates and accepted the notion of being able to type out a business memo. The process of typing also affected the way authors wrote and what they thought about writing as it allowed them to become more involved in publication.
...old War. The Soviet Union feared America because they thought we would use Western Europe as a base to attack them. Also, the Soviets wanted to spread communism worldwide. This upset the Americans would were following democracy.
Journalism shapes democracy - with newspapers playing a crucial role in. In the 19th century, Britain’s newspapers were a luxury only the wealthy could afford and have access to. The United States thought differently, they believed “a free press, making information as widely available as possible, was regarded as a important pillar of the new democracy- so much so that it was enshrined in the Bill of Rights.” (172) President Jefferson believing a free press did more good than harm, “The attempts to curtail a press freedom in the 1790s and 1800s actually strengthened it, establishing the right to criticize the administration and supporting vigorous and lively political debates.” (172) This started to shape the newspaper industry. The Sun
Another aspect of the 1920s which did not help the isolation between generations was the tabloids. The Bright Young People, who were sometimes touted as the reality stars of the 1920s, were followed by the press who watched every move they made. Yet, even with this constant coverage the press was very picky on what they did and did not publicize when it came to The Bright Young People. As Holloway reiterates, “The press publicized the most extreme stunts and parties of the most aristocratic and well-known young people – who often had important and distinguished parents – in order to sell newspapers and tabloids.” (Holloway 318). Some newspapers and tabloids did state why the middle generation did the things they did. Many stated that, “the
Edward R. Murrow is known as the father of journalism. He is known for bringing the broadcast journalism into the light of the new era. Murrow has been credited for making the broadcast journalism respectable, sincere and hardworking to which the journalist today still aspire from. Delivering the reports from war front to making the most important news headlines as to going against McCarthy, Edward Murrow was a very dedicated person. Later in years, Edward R. Murrow had joined the CBS broadcasting network and became the broadcast European network. Edward R Murrow played a crucial role during the 1950s as a very influential person of broadcasting network and media who also went against McCarthy and his views about communists.
Newswriting, as it exists today, began with the adoption of the telegraph, which roughly coincided with the start of the American Civil War. The necessity of getting at story through before the telegraph’s occasional malfunction forced a radical change in the style of writing used in reporting. Before the telegraph, much of writing news was just that: writing. News was reported much like books were written. The reporter would set the scene with a detailed account of the setting or the mood and tell the tale just like any other narrative that one might read simply for pleasure. Since the telegraph made it possible for news to be printed the day after it happened; it was immediately adopted as the preferred method of getting news to the newsroom. Occasionally, however, the telegraph line would go down. Often this happened during a transmission, and the remainder of the message could not be sent until the line was repaired. Since a detailed description of the setting and the mood are useless without the actual piece of news, the system of writing, now known as the inverted pyramid, in which the most important items are written first in a concise manner, was born. The inverted pyramid system, born of necessity, was absorbed into newswriting over the proceeding century, and exists today as the standard style for reporting news.
Woo, W.F. (2007) Letters From The Editor: Lessons on Journalism and Life. University of Missouri Press. Available from: , [Accessed 25 November 2009]
ways as I have explained in this essay. It is a fact that The Mirror
It’s a question that keeps floating around in the public sphere: is print advertising and newspapers dead? The world is becoming more and more fast-paced and although, our want and need for the up-to-date news and breaking stories has not changed, the way in which we consume it has. This background report investigates and explains the downfall of the newspaper and the technological shift to online news. It will also discuss differing opinions of this relevant topic of the future of journalism from a range of reliable primary sources and investigative data.
Television and journalism have a relatively short history together, yet over the last sixty years, the two have become increasingly intertwined, perhaps even irreversible so. But this merger is between two opposing forces–one, a mass medium that inherently demands entertainment and the other, a profession most people hold responsible for information, for facts, which, for the most part, are inherently boring. So has television been beneficial for the American people? The people that our country’s founding fathers chose to hold responsible for electing those to be responsible for our country’s government? By exploring the history of television journalism, discovering how it came to be, and looking at current trends in the industry, I only hope to be able to give my own informed opinion.