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Edwin Powell Hubble:
Great Astronomer of the 19th Century
Twinkle, twinkle little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky (Gardner 98).
Stars are a marvelous wonder to many people, that is why some people spend most of their lives wondering what is “above the world so high” (Gardner 98). These people study and map the little twinkling stars in order to get a better meaning of them; they are astronomers. Great astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Immanuel Kant, and William Huggins, never stopped valuing the beauty of the stars. While they developed great astronomical principals. One astronomer who fits this mold most is, Edwin Powell Hubble. Wondering about what was out in the universe led to the construction of the 200-in reflector telescope, the most high-powered of its day. Using this high-powered telescope he went on to prove that there were other galaxies beside the Milky Way and was able to formulate Hubble’s law, which linked the distance of galaxies to their speed. Through his work, Edwin Hubble impacted the scientific world in the twentieth century because of devotion to research, curiosity about the universe, and expertise at mapping galaxies.
Devotion is one characteristic in Hubble that allowed him to do his work so well. Whether it was devotion to his family or to his work. It started when he was just a youth; he was in a family of seven children and was expected to earn money for the family (Whitney 222).
Hubble’s devotion was mental and also physical. Hubble worked at Mount Wilson for most of his career. Here, “he spent hundreds of bone-numbing hours in the observer’s cage at Mount Wilson telescope. Anyone who has spent time in ‘the cage’ knows what an extraordinary effort of will it can demand: total concentration, and an ability to suppress shivers in the constant chill, lest you vibrate the telescope.” (Smoot 42).
Hubble’s hard work and long hours were recognized by his fellow astronomers. The author of Wrinkles in Time, George Smoot, said, “Night after night Hubble photographed the nebulae, devoting himself to his goal so completely that he was perceived as arrogant and elitist” (44).
Unable to complete his any tasks on his own, Hubble hired an assistant. He hired Sandage. Sandage would work with Hubble and learn techniques that Hubble us...
... middle of paper ...
...e the scientific world a big leap to exploring the universe.
Bibliography
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Branley, Franklyn. The Milky Way: Galaxy Number One. New York: Crowell: 1969.
Christian, Gale E. Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae. New York: Farrows, 1995.
Dressler, Alan. Voyage to the Great Attractor: Exploring Intergalactic Space. New York: KNOPF, 1995.
Filkin, David. Stephen Hawkings Universe: The Cosmos Explained. New York: Basic, 1997.
Gleiser, Marcalo. The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang. New York: Dutton, 1997.
Goudwin, Simon. Hubble’s Universe. New York: Penguin, 1997.
Greenstein, George. The symbolic Universe: Life and Mind in the Cosmos. New York: Morrow, 1988.
Hawkings, Stephen W. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bangs to Black Holes. New York: Bantams, 1988.
Smoot, George. Wrinkles in Time. New York: Morrow, 1993.
Whitney, Charles A. The Discovery of Our Galaxy. Ames: Iowa State UP, 1988.
At the beginning the room her brother and she share are undifferentiated, showing how the two have not adapted to their gender roles yet , and when she daydreams, she is the hero of the stories, which is the role that is normally given to the man. She works outside with her father and takes pride in knowing that she is more capable of the work than her brother Laird, as her father gave her the real watering can and Laird was given the one for gardening. Throughout the story, however, the word girl is constantly used as an insult against her. For example, when a feed salesman comes to the father, the father introduces her as a hired-hand, and the salesman laughs and says “ ‘Could of fooled me.’ He said ‘I thought it was only a girl.’” The mother also reinforces that she should not be out there when she talks to the father about keeping the girl inside. The narrator sees her mother in a negative light and does not want to become her; she hates housework and describes it as depressing and endless, despite the fact that shortly after she says that the father’s work is “ritualistically important.” The grandmother also tries to force the narrator to act more lady-like constantly saying, " ‘Girls don 't slam doors like that.’ ‘Girls keep
Waller, William H. The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide. Princeton, N.J: Princeton UP, 2013. 42+. Print.
The one reason that Gatsby existed in this vast universe was for the love of Daisy Buchanan. She was the reason for his every breath, heartbeat, though, and action. He talks about her like she is an object to be worshiped and he is practicing her religion. He throws immense parties that outdo everyone's expectations in hopes of her simply showing up one day. He has changed his identity for his get rich scheme to prove his worth to her. " `Her voice is full of money,' he [Gatsby] said suddenly." Gatsby knows exactly what the key to getting Daisy back is. After their meetings continue on a regular basis, he fires his staff to keep their affair secret. He even goes as far as to convince her that she never loved her husband, and he tries to get her to confess this to Tom. But the thing that out shows it all is when he takes the blame for a murder committed ...
“Girl” is a short story with only two characters, which reads like a narrative of a mother giving life lessons to her daughter. It is in this story that we see Kincaid begin to explore the tenuous relationship she had with her mother. In the story, the mother in a very authoritative tone is giving her daughter instructions on how to live her life. She begins by telling her how to do the laundry, “Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them in the stone heap” (qtd. in Mays 171) and continues with how to cook traditional island food and how to mend clothes (171). Several times in the story the mother says, “like the slut you are so bent on becoming,” (qtd. in Mays 171) which comes across very condescending with a tone of sexual promiscuity (171). The first time the daughter speaks, “But I don’t sing benna on Sundays at all and never in Sunday school,” (qtd. in Mays 171) it sounds as if she is trying to stand up for herself (171). The only other time the daughter speaks, “but what if the baker won’t let me feel the bread?” (qtd. in Mays 171) seems like she is asking her mother to clarify something for her (171). “Girl” depicts how Kincaid sees her own mother. The mother is portrayed as being bitter and upset with how her own life turned out. She very abrasively is trying to tell her daughter not to make the same mistakes that she did. The
In the article from the official NASA website, NASA gives a list of Hubble’s accomplishments, which gives the reader a comprehensive picture of Hubble’s importance. Hubble has not only given astronomers the most detailed images of outer-space in existence, but also taug...
Hawking, Stephen. “Our Picture of the Universe.” Fields of Reading. 6th ed. Ed. Nancy R. Comely et al. New York: St. Martin’s, 2001. (565-574)
George W. Bush’s engagement of liberating Afghanistan and Iraq were vital in preserving the lives of the citizens both countries and illustrates how he will be vindicated by historians. The former president conveyed his concerns regarding the newly established democracy in the country during a Press Conference: “I believe that freedom is the deepest need of every human soul” . Bush is correct for the decisions during his presidency as he was able to liberate Iraq from the authoritarianism of Saddam Hussein and liberate Afghanistan from the Taliban regime. In March 20th 2003, George W. Bush made history as he went onward with removi...
In order to examine either philosopher’s views on property and its origins, it is necessary to go back to the beginning of human development, as it were, and discuss their different conceptions of the state of nature. As opposed to Hobbes whose vision of the state of nature was a state of war, Locke’s state of nature is a time of peace and stability. “We must consider what State all Men are naturally in, and that is, a State of perfect Freedom…A State also of Equality, wherein all the Power and Jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another.” (Locke, Second Tre...
When he first meets Daisy, Gatsby becomes infatuated with his idea of her, or rather, the false persona that she creates of herself. In fact, Gatsby reveals that “she was the first ‘nice’ girl he had ever known” (155). Gatsby was so impressed with Daisy mainly because of her wealth and her status; it is what he wants. However, Daisy chooses Tom Buchanan over Gatsby, solely because of his social status. As a result, Gatsby revolves his whole life around her: he becomes wealthy, creates a new image of himself, and buys a house across the bay from Daisy. For instance, he fabricates lies about how “ [he is] the son of some wealthy people in the middle-west” (69) and how “ [he] was brought up in America but educated at Oxford” (69) in order to impress her. These lies end up altering others’ perspectives of him - not necessarily in a positive way - and impacting his life as a whole. Daisy unwittingly transforms Gatsby into a picture-perfect image of the 1920s: lavish parties, showy cars, and a false illusion of the attainment of the American Dream. Despite Gatsby’s newfound wealth and success, he never fully accomplishes his dream: to get Daisy. Gatsby’s final act for the sake of Daisy has no impact on her feelings towards him. When Gatsby claims that he crashed into Myrtle and killed her, Daisy carelessly lets him do so, which ultimately results in his death. To make
In order to better understand the conflict, first we must define what conformity and self image are in the story “Boys and Girls”. Conformity is action in accordance with prevailing social standards, attitudes, and practices. In the time frame of the story, as well as through much of history, it was the social norm for women to be housemaids, and to rarely venture outside of the house to perform “man’s work”. The narrator however, has a different idea as to about how she wishes to live her life. She does not enjoy “work done in the kitchen” as she finds it tedious and “endless”. She does view the work of her father though as “ritualistically important” and far more interesting. This tomboy state of mind of the girl is part of her self image, defined as the idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself. Upon reading the story, it is clear that her views come into direct conflict with her parent’s beliefs, and even mainstream society’s. While the protagonist’s self image of herself is a driving factor in the nature of her adventures and leisure, with enough outside pressure it can b...
The Hubble Telescope is the world’s first space-based optical telescope. The Hubble telescope received its name from American astronomer Dr. Edwin P. Hubble. Dr. Hubble confirmed an ever expanding universe which provided the basic foundation of the Big Bang theory. The first concept of the Hubble telescope came from Lyman Spitzer in 1946 who at that time was a professor and researcher at Yale University, Professor Spitzer believed that Earth’s atmosphere blurs and distorts light and a space orbited telescope would be able to surpass this problem. He spent nearly all of his life dedicated to making this concept into a reality. (http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/)
When children are faced with emotional events that challenge their ideas, they take another step on the road to being “grown up” as they discover their identity. The short story “Boys and Girls” written by Alice Munro illustrates this coming of age by allowing us to follow the development of a young girl. We follow the main character, who narrates the story, as she changes from beginning to end. As the story opens, the narrator acts like a care free child, not paying heed to her gender. She then begins to react strongly to the way she is treated by her family and their expectations of her young womanhood. Once she realizes that some changes are inevitable she begins to adopt a new understanding of who she is which is evidence of a more mature way of thinking. This story demonstrates that difficult childhood experiences regarding gender contribute to a developing maturity and are frequently met with varying degrees of resistance.
The characters in this story, with the exception of the main character, all follow their gender norm and develop as usual, the main character’s views however, shift and mold to the situation she’s in. The narrator’s grandmother tells her that “’Girls [do not] slam doors […].’ ‘Girls keep their knees together when they sit down.’ And worse still, when [she asks] some questions ‘[That is] none of girls’ business’” (Munro 4-5). The main character still slams the doors and sits with her legs open “thinking that by such measures [she keeps herself] free” (Munro 5). By doing this she is moving away from what her grandmother does and taught her mother to do. She makes her own decision to keep doing what makes her comfortable instead of learning and developing her attitude to meet the female standards her grandmother set for her. Furthermore, the narrator is helping her father outside when a salesman comes into the pens, her father introduces her as her helper and the salesman replies, “’ [could have] fooled me.’ […] ‘I thought it was only a girl.’” (Munro 4). The narrator continues with her work, though she was met with a distraction she would not let it conform her to how a stereotypical girl would have to act. She still prefers and wants to continue learning and helping her dad outside on the farm rather than helping her mom in the house. In
What is social class? It is a term used to describe a large group of people who share similar social or economic positions in society based on wealth, income, job status, education, skills or power in the political sphere. Class is not just about what you own or earn but also who you know. Class affects not only how we feel about ourselves, but how others judge and consequently treat us. Those at the top of the class structure, the elite, have more power than those in the middle and even more power than those at the bottom who are of lower class. Education is a highly valued commodity in our world. In his commentary on society Freud, claimed, “ No feature, however, seems better to characterize civilization than its esteem and encouragement
If you were to mention the name "Stephen Hawking" in a group of people, a few different things may come to mind. You may think of his controversial views on religion, his debilitating disease, or his theories of how the universe was formed. This essay will dive into all of these topics, including many other facts of Stephen Hawking's life.