UNIX - An Inroduction
What is an operating system? · Kernel - provides a well-defined interface between programs and the hardware. It is a resource manager where the resources include memory, CPU access, input/output ports, etc. · Shell - interacts with the user, accepting commands and starting user programs. · Utilities - include programs required to make the system useful, such as programs to copy files, or simple text editors. · Windowing system - a collection of programs that implement a graphical user interface. Although the traditional definition of an operating system includes just the kernel, it is now more commonly known as a collection of most or all of these components. How A Kernel Defines the Operating System How a kernel defines the interface between programs and the underlying hardware greatly affects the programs designed for that operating system. Some features that define the kernel are: · Single or Multi-Tasking · A single-tasking operating system allows only one program to run at a time. This program must complete before a second program may begin. · A multi-tasking operating system allows multiple programs to run on the same system. In order to do this, it must define a means of communicating between programs, protecting running programs from errors encountered in other programs, and for scheduling when programs will run. · Single or Multi-User · A single-user operating system has only one user at a time. This user is granted exclusive access to all system resources. · A multi-user operating system can have more than one user at the same time. Most multi-user operating systems are also multi-tasking. · Memory Management · This defines how memory is allocated to specific tasks, and how memory is protected from other processes. · Device Interface · Device interfaces define the nature of the peripherals which may be connected to a system, the ease with which new devices are added, the extent to which the full power of a device may be used, and how knowledgeable user programs have to be to work with that device. · File System · The design of the file system is often so closely linked to the kernel design that is often the first indicator of differences between similar operating systems. This can include such simple clues as how files are named, or how directories or folders are named. · Degree of Integration · While some systems attem...
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...iles (password, group files) /tmp area for temporary storage, usually cleaned up after reboots, never store important files here Hard Drives, Partitions, CDROM, Network Drives, … · In other operating systems (DOS, Windows, Mac, OS/2) second hard drives, partitions, CDROMS, and network drives are displayed as a separate folder at the same level as the main drive (i.e. C:, D:, E:). · In Unix there is nothing before the root /. All other drives are contained within the root, transparent to the user. The root user sets up the additional drives using the mount command. · /dev/sda1 on / is the main hard drive mounted at the root · /dev/sdb2 on /home2 is a second hard drive mounted at /home2. That is if you look at the contents of /home2 you will be looking at the contents of the second hard drive. · /dev/scd0 on /cdrom is a SCSI cdrom mounted at /cdrom. · fox:/home on /tmp/home is the home directory of the machine fox mounted at /tmp/home.
Bibliography
1. Learning the UNIX Operating System, 4th Edition By Jerry Peek, Grace Todino, and John Strang O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. 2. UNIX For Dummies, 2nd Edition By John R. Levine and Margaret Levine Young IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
He was injured while performing and suffered from burns to his face and head. He had surgery to fix his burns, and it is believed that Michael started to experiment with plastic surgery shortly after. His nose drastically changed and his skin color changed as well (Biography). Many people claim that Jackson had many surgeries on his nose, forehead and cheekbones. He wrote a book titled “MoonWalk,” and explained that he only had two rhinoplastic surgeries and one surgery on his chin (IMDb). Michael Jackson was accused of child molestation in 1993, and his reputation started to dwindle. Jackson was known to have sleepovers with boys at his home, but his accusations were the first public charge of wrongdoings. The following year Jackson settled his court case, but other accusations were made. He maintained his “innocence” through it all (Biography). He agreed to have an interview on television with Oprah Winfrey and put an end to some of the rumors. He also explained that the change in his skin tone was because of a rare skin disease known as “vitiligo.” Later on in the interview, Jackson also talked about his abuse from his father
The Linux operating system is the catchall term for the dozens of software stacks built around the free and open source Linux kernel. Clumped into distribution...
...k down upon. In other words, the idea of what Harlem was and what it could have been “exploded” in nearly everyone’s mind. However, as Harlem began to spiral downward, Hughes looked to pick Harlem back up. In 1951, in the midst of chaos in Harlem, Hughes published his poem “A Dream Deferred” in hopes to call people’s attention to the devastating effects Harlem was experiencing. Although issues regarding racism began to be addressed in the 1960’s, Harlem continued to fall apart. It wasn’t until the 1980’s that Harlem would begin to get back up off its feet. Patrols began increasing to deter crimes and retail stores began to gradually open up as seen with 65 East 125th Street. However, even though Harlem had begun undergoing a process of gentrification, for every step forward time had gone for the previous fifty years, it seemed as if Harlem took two steps back.
Most people have heard of Michael Jackson in their lifetime, his songs have been played in countless of movies, “Thriller” is played every October, but people might not know how he reached his fame. They might also not know what started his downfall. It all started out great, but a few rumors can ruin anyone’s reputation; Michael Jackson was a great example of this. Michael Jackson was known as The King of Pop, and one of the greatest singers and performers of all time, but a few mistakes made him go down as one of the most controversial modern tragic heroes.
Narrative: Michael Jackson was born and grew up in a strict working family in Gary, Indiana, USA on August 29, 1958. Jackson showed an early interest in music as did most of his family. His mother sang frequently, his father Joseph Jackson played guitar in a small-time R&B band, his older brothers often sang and played with their father’s guitar. Soon the family singing group started, with Michael as the main puppet and four of his older brothers. “After all it seemed to be the simplest way to earn money to feed so many kids said Joseph Jackson”. If you can't feed your kids teach them how to feed themselves. Anyway Michael soon outgrew his brothers with his unique talent not just for singing but for dancing as well. Jackson’s father, who is a controlling supposedly abusive father. "My father beat me. It was difficult to take being beaten and then going onstage.
Imagine at the age of eight you are the lead singer of one of the most popular bands at the time with multiple songs reaching number one and produces incredibly popular albums, and at the age of around twelve you start a solo career, ("Jackson 5"). Michael Jackson's life was just that, including many multi-million selling songs across two music groups the Jackson 5 at the age eight and going solo at the age of twelve and having many adoring fans it contributed to Jackson being the best pop singer of all time. Although there were rape allegations which people suggest that Michael Jackson should be stripped of his title of the "King of Pop". Michael Jackson even with the faulty allegations, the popularity
This paper discusses about the historical event that takes place within the operating system and their recent development and progression. Therefore it is essential to have a clear comprehension on the operating system that is still accessible to recognize its fundamental strengths and weaknesses. Hence, it is imperative to evaluate the operating system we are reviewing to distinguish between them. Meanwhile, this paper also inspects on the difference between the open source and proprietary operating system. The discussion is mainly about the feature and application used in different operating system.
Nick Carraway, the narrator for The Great Gatsby, has his narration structured in a diary like manner so to simulate a personal inner-voice from Nick. This structure creates a different perspective for the reader, instead of being told from an on-looker such as the author the story is read through the eyes of a character. This technique uses the first person, and is commonly from just one character’s perspective. This structure can also be seen in The Great Gatsby, where Tom’s narration is recalled in a sequence of recollections as the play is depicted from memory. However, both characters in these texts become entrapped in responsibility through their narration. Because Nick uses his narration as means to express his suppressed opinions about Gatsby, since Nick cannot bring himself to the idea of letting go Gatsby down “"They're a rotten crowd," I shouted across the lawn. "You're worth the whole damn bunch put together."” I've always been glad I said that. It was the only compliment I ever gave him, because I disapproved of him from beginning to end.” Although Nick disapproves of Gatsby, he cannot help but become caught up in Gatsby’s dream. Nick feels responsible for Gatsby, he feels that he must give Gatsby support and encouragement. Because Nick and Gatsby are friends, and Nick understands that he must do all that he can to help
“What happens to a dream deferred?” Is the question posed by the infamous Poet, activists, novelist, and playwright Langston Hughes in his 1951 poem by the name of Harlem or Dream deferred. In the poem, Hughes straightforwardly flings us a question, in which at first seem pretty simple in meaning but as you continue to read the concept becomes more and more complex and profound. The telling reader to pursue after their dream or the dream will soon disappear, an inspirational theme in which Hughes display in several of his works. Harlem uses clear-cut use of literary elements such as Metaphor, Speakers, Imagery, and Rhythm to describe just how 1950’s Harlem community perceived and valued their dream through the eye of Hughes. His approach was very straight forward and infuses in the concept in the most rudimentary way yet there’s nothing plain about the poem.
As the internet is becoming faster and faster, an operating system (OS) is needed to manage the data in computers. An Operating system can be considered to be a set of programed codes that are created to control hardware such as computers. In 1985 Windows was established as an operating system and a year earlier Mac OS was established, and they have dominated the market of the computer programs since that time. Although, many companies have provided other operating systems, most users still prefer Mac as the most secured system and windows as it provides more multiple functions. This essay will demonstrate the differences between windows
Not long ago computers were non-existent in many homes. When computers were first introduced to the world, they were for the sole purpose of performing business functions. The only people who owned computers were large organizations. Eventually, computers were introduced into the homes of those who could afford to buy them. Today, just about everyone owns some form of system that they use daily to help manage their day-to-day operations. What many once survived without now seems impossible to do without. As technology continues to grow, it has a greater effect on families and the education system. Some companies such as Microsoft and Apple made it possible to reinvent a new form of technology that would change the world. Each company had some form of struggle and overtime had to keep up with the changes of time and the way people communicated. From the first day of its invention, organizations have had to steadily implement new operating systems to keep up with the demands of the people while staying afloat with competitors. The ways of life for many have changed as well as the way people communicate. It is evident that the history and uses of computers have changed the world but these computers could not perform without the operating systems. Various operating systems will be discussed, how they began and how they each changed since they were first introduced. Although, they all had a purpose each varied in how they performed and changed the lives of many and will continue in the near future.
In the mid?1950's, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language.
The significance of the role of the Operation System (OS) in the overall Information Technology employment sector cannot be undervalued. Indeed, it is hard to talk about technical skill-sets or the practical application of such skill-sets without at least some underlying understanding of their context within a computer operating system environment. From hardware specifications and requirements, user technical support, system administration and security, to software development and system implementation, operating systems are an integral part of the information technology and computing world in all its aspects, and it is difficult to form a concrete demarcation between specialized careers in this industry and the concept of the computer operating system.
Where would we be without operating systems? Technologically, we would be living in the Stone Age, computers would be useless without an operating system. What is an operating system? An operating system is computer instructions that coordinate all the activities of a computers’ hardware like, memory, storage devices, and printers (Gary B. Shelly).
An operating system is the software that supports a computer’s most basic functions, such as scheduling the upcoming tasks, executing a myriad of applications, and controlling peripherals. It is the most important software that runs a computer. The operating system manages the computer’s memory and processes, it’s software and hardware. It translates between computer speak to layman’s terms for the user to understand what is going on. Without an operating system, a computer is just a paperweight.