Specific Purpose – To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and how other safer alternatives should be taken.
Central Idea – By going the extra mile in using safer alternatives when experimenting with animals will not only prevent conflicts from pro-life activists, it will minimize lawsuits and morals will be preserved.
Introduction
I. Okay I got a riddle I made up for the class.
A. What was once cute and furry but becomes a bloody rotted mess?
B. You guys give up?
C. Well the answer to this question is an animal that has undergone chemical testing.
II. I know that wasn’t too funny but I needed some sort of attention-grabber and this hit home on the question of my topic; whether animal testing is right or wrong.
A. After all, the question whether animals should be tested is often hotly debated.
B. Through intense research I have discovered that the issue on whether animals should be experimented upon, or “vivisection”, has cropped up in history as early as the 17th century.
III. Although animal testing is much less frequent today than in the past, I will reinforce the idea that alternatives to animal testing should be preserved today.
A. I will first explain the conflicts in the past where animal testing caused many problems.
B. Then I will reinforce the solution to animal testing by discussing the various alternatives that can be taken.
(Transition: Let us first look at the problem of animal testing.)
Body
I. As I have mentioned, the question on animal testing was posed even as early as the 17th century, according to the All For Animals Newsletter.
A. According to this newsletter, Philosopher Jeremy Bentham rejected philosopher Rene Descartes’ theory that because animals have no reasoning that humans have, they therefore cannot feel pain or suffering.
1. But Bentham went further in this issue, rejecting Descartes’ idea because the idea of reasoning was irrelevant on the moral issue whether animals should be tested.
2. Bentham’s philo...
... middle of paper ...
... be tested upon by dangerous chemicals?
Bibliography
Smith, Taylor. “Animal Testing - Alternatives - Cruelty-Free Living.”
All For Animals Newsletter. Issue #1, March 1998.
Grigg, Bill. “NIH News Release.” 28 Dec. 1999 [last revision]. < <a href="http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec99/niehs-28.htm">http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec99/niehs-28.htm > 1999.
Adams, Johnathan. “Animal Welfare Act and Regulations.” August 22, 2000 [last update] < <a href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm">http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm > 1996.
“USDA Agrees to Regulate More Research Animals, Including Mice.” October 3, 2000 [last update] < <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/10/03/research.animals.ap/index.html">http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/10/03/research.animals.ap/index.html > 1990.
“Cruelty Free Companies—Choose to Be Cruelty-Free”. < <a href="http://www.allforanimals.com">http://www.allforanimals.com > 2000.
“ANIMAL TESTING”. May 12, 1999 [last update]. < <a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html">http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html > 1996.
Symptoms can appear at any age normally between infancy and age six. Normally, the first symptom of duchenne muscular dystrophy is a delay in milestones that normal children have. For example, there may be a delay in when a child with DMD learns to walk, sit or stand by themselves. Children without duchenne muscular dystrophy normally begin to learn to walk at around nine to twelve months, and can walk well around fourteen to fifteen months. Parents and doctors become concerned after sixteen to seventeen months. However, the average age that a child with duchenne muscular dystrophy begins to walk is eighteen months. In muscles in the legs and pelvis, there is progressive weakening and wasting. There is also a little weakness found in the neck, arms, and other upper body muscles, but the weakening in worse in the lower half of the body. Muscles weaken by enlarged muscle tissue being replaced by connective tissue and fat. Muscle fibers then shorten due to the r...
A young 12-year-old boy by the name of Aaron Kurlander faced many hardships when he was left to fend for himself while his family was separated from him in the 1930’s depression era in St. Louis at the Empire hotel. Aaron uses his imagination and sense of reality to survive and he never seems to let his spirits sink. While Aaron was left to fend for himself, his father seems to think he had good reasons for the families absences; Aaron’s brother Sullivan was shipped off to go live with relatives, his mother (Mrs. Kurlander) admitted to a sanitarium for tuberculosis, and his father (Mr. Eric Kurlander) who was a door-to-door sales man who sold wickless candles left town to travel for a watch
The symptoms usually appear before age 6. In most cases, the first visible symptom is the postponement of sitting and standing independently. The average age for walking in boys with Duchenne muscular...
Symptoms: Up to the age of 1-3 years, affected boys have normal muscles that is they learn to stand and walk later than they are supposed to do and speech may be slow in development. Gowers sign is a sign that can be seen in boys. Hypertrophy of the calf muscles is also a characteristic sign of DMD (Alan E H Emery., 1998). Contractures at the knees and elbows are common and it will lead most boys to use wheelchairs by the age of 10, and end them dead before or at the age of 20. The commonest cause of death is cardiac muscles involvement that will lead to cardiac faliure and subsequentl to respiratory failure (Pryse-Phillips, William E. M. and Murray, T. J., “ A concise textbook Essential Neurology”. 4th ...
This is important because understanding the way in which this happens, attitudes towards animal testing, are formed and how they spread will likely have an impact on public policy on animal welfare and animal rights activism. The information presented and the results will justify my view on animal testing and why it should be banned from scientific reasonings. (75 words)
Muscular dystrophy refers to, not one, but a group of muscle diseases. These diseases have three features in common: they are hereditary; they are progressive; and each causes a characteristic and selective pattern of weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent and severe childhood form of this group of diseases.
Muscular dystrophy weakens muscles over time, so children, teems, and adults who have the disease can gradually lose the ability to do the things most people take for granted, like sitting up or bending down. A patient with muscular dystrophy may have symptoms as a baby or later on in their life.
American Mexico war raised the slavery issue in the United States leading to intense debates. Many Americans saw the expansion of territory brought about by war with Mexico as a positive impact, but not all Americans did share this view. For example, Henry David Thoreau and Abraham Lincoln opposed the war. Henry David Thoreau said “Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison” as a protest against the war with Mexico ( Chavez 87). Abraham Lincoln also gave a speech questioning the Mexican American war that he believed was unnecessary. Lincoln wanted to know if blood was indeed shed on United States soil. In addition, some northerners oppose the war because they were against slavery. David Wilmot proposed a resolution prohibiting slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. Northerners supported the Wilmot Proviso, but Southerners felt that prohibiting slavery was a violation of their rights .Manifest Destiny was a justification used by southerners for extending slavery. The southern states had the desire to gain more slave states and this was a view held by many Northern states. By gaining another slave state, especially one as large as Texas, the South would in effect significantly increase their political power in the United States. the Compromise of 1850 deepened the division between
Writing this paper did not affect my original line of thinking in regards to the topic. I support animal rights in every way, and am extremely against any sort of testing. Observing the “necessities” of animal testing did not, in any way, alter my negative view of animal experimentation.
The first historical account of muscular dystrophy was identified by Sir Charles Bell in 1830. He wrote about a disease that caused weakness in boys that progressively got worse. In 1836 another scientist whose name is unknown reported about two brothers who developed muscle damage, generalized weakness. Also damaged muscle was replaced with fat and connective tissue. At the time the symptoms were thought to point to tuberculosis. During the 1850s reports of boys with progressive muscle weakness became more and more common. There were also reports of these boys losing the ability to walk and dying at an early age. In the next decade French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne gave and in depth account of 13 boys who had the most common ...
DMD also known as muscular dystrophy is muscular disease that occurs on young boys around age four to six. Muscular dystrophy is genetically transmitted disease carried from parent to offspring. This disease progressively damages or disturbs skeletal and cardiac muscle functions starting on the lower limbs. Obviously by damaging the muscle, the lower limbs and other muscles affected become very weak. This is ultimately caused by the lack dystrophin, a protein the body produces.
Animal testing is a controversial topic with two main sides of the argument. The side apposing animal testing states it is unethical and inhumane; that animals have a right to choose where and how they live instead of being subjected to experiments. The view is that all living organism have a right of freedom; it is a right, not a privilege. The side for animal testing thinks that it should continue, without animal testing there would be fewer medical and scientific breakthroughs. This side states that the outcome is worth the investment of testing on animals. The argument surrounding animal testing is older than the United States of America, dating back to the 1650’s when Edmund O’Meara stated that vivisection, the dissection of live animals, is an unnatural act. Although this is one of the first major oppositions to animal testing, animal testing was being practiced for millennia beforehand. There are two sides apposing each other in the argument of animal testing, and the argument is one of the oldest arguments still being debated today.
The practice of using animals for testing has been a controversial issue over the past thirty years. Animal testing is a morally debated practice. The question is whether animal testing is morally right or wrong. This paper will present both sides of this issue as well as my own opinion.
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2. Animal testing is unnecessary, cruel, and wasteful. Since they do not have the power to protect themselves, so we have to.