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ethics for testing animals
Should Animals Be Used In Medical Research
ethics for testing animals
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Suppose a family member was suffering from a disease and the doctor announced that thanks to animal research they are coming close to finding a cure. Would it then be acceptable to experiment new drugs and treatments on animals, even if it meant death for the animal? This is a controversial issue, which has many divided as to whether animal testing is a good or bad thing. The vast majority of animal research is; however, devoted to finding curse for human disease. Obviously, in animal research the animals are subjected to many tests, which may cause pain and even have long lasting negative effects. Moreover, animal research is vital to the medical field.
Through animal research many cures for humans have been discovered. Animal research became widespread in the late 1800’s and has continued up into today (RDS). Because of this research dozens of vaccines and antibiotics have been discovered and new advancements such as open-heart surgery have been perfected. Animals are used in research and testing when it is necessary to see what happens in the whole living body, where the use of human subjects would not be ethically acceptable (Biomedical Models). Most often animal research is very important in discovering new treatments for diseases and cannot be replaced by computer generated models. One of the best-known medical discoveries is that of insulin, which saves almost 500,000 American, lives each year (Chang). Many more discoveries have been made thanks to animal research and testing.
There have also been many breakthroughs and advancements within the psychology field, because of animal research. Psychologists do research on animals in this field to study the animal’s behavior and central nervous system. Through understanding how the nervous system works doctors can then begin to understand more about the complex behaviors humans may exhibit (APA). According the American Psychological Association, “Animal research has been the major contributor to the knowledge of the basic learning processes and motivational systems, such as hunger, thirst, and reproduction. Also animal research has provided critical information about the sensory processes of vision, taste, hearing, and pain perception.
The Beatles are an iconic English rock band and are widely regarded as the “foremost and most influential act of the rock era” (Unterberg). Formed in Liverpool in 1960, the Beatles were comprised of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, with Stuart Sutcliffe on bass guitar in January and Pete
The story of the most legendary group in the history of popular music began in 1960, in Liverpool, England. The Beatles, were an English rock band, whose most well-known lineup, consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, is considered by many as the most innovative, emulated, and successful music group of the twentieth century. John Lennon was largely responsible for the development of the band, since he, together with Paul McCartney, wrote most of the music for the Beatles. Lennon is largely responsible for the Beatles being considered the first rock performers who were truly considered groundbreaking artists in their own time, and years after the band broke up, with his lyrics, “Beatlemania”, and the controversy that he caused the band.
Two effects of meth addiction are an increase in property crimes and an increase in the number of children entering foster career. Shockingly, half of the inmates in Portland jails were meth users, and meth addicts commit 80% of the property crimes in Oregon. These statistics show how meth can not only negatively affect an individual and a family, but a whole community. The correlation between property crimes and meth can be explained by the fact that meth is an ultra-stimulant. According to the video, one puff can an individual stay high for even a whole day. As a result, the person’s dependency leads them to do things or commit crimes they would not have done otherwise
The Beatles were more than their music. They influenced the lives of millions of people unlike any musicians before them. They were the first and most popular band in one of the most important music movements in American history, the British Invasion. The year 1964 was the year both the British Invasion and “Beatlemania” came to America and forever changed the landscape of music in the United States by introducing the genre of pop, as it is today. The Beatles changed the rules of music. Many things that are considered normal now were pioneered by the Beatles such as: creating compilation albums, expressing their views on world happenings through the media, musicians in movies, and even mass media advertising. The beatles influenced American culture more than any other musical artist in history (Holmes, 2012).
The Express focuses on the life of Ernie Davis, the running back who was playing for Syracuse and who was awarded the first African-American who won the Heisman Trophy. The player died in 1963 at the age of 23 because of leukemia. The movie starts with depicting Syracuse undefeated season in 1959, two years before Davis’s arrival to the team. The movie represents Davis as the MVP at the Cotton Bowl. The player was allowed to receive his trophy although he could not visit the banquet because of racial prejudice. As Ebert describes, “the film…shows racist fans screaming at him and throwing beer cans at the West Virginia and Texas games” (n. p.). Davis had to enter the hotel through the black doors and sleep in servant’s rooms. While studying in college team, the player was not a popular student, but he managed to get to Syrac...
The band was not officially formed until 1960, but the boys all met at different points during the 1950’s. (“Beatlemania”) It all began when John Lennon met Paul McCartney playing at a Village. Paul surprised Lennon with his ability to remember all the lyrics to “Twenty Flight Rock” and also his commendable guitar skills. Very soon after Paul was invited to the band, the duo met George Harrison on a bus on the way to school. George had taken a notice that Paul McCartney kept a guitar on the school bus, and soon they became friends. Over time, Paul and George convinced John Lennon to allow George into the Beatles. This is right around the time that the success of the Beatles really took off. Slowly, around the late 50’s and early 60’s, the Beatles (only known then as the Quarrymen) started to build up popularity around Li...
The Beatles were arguably one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed phenomena in popular music history. According to the former Rolling Stone associate editor Robert Greenfield, “In the form of popular music, no one will be more revolutionary, more creative, and more distinctive than the Beatles were” (Whitehead). It is evident that The Beatles have impacted—and continue to impact—society and politics all over the world, especially in the United States during the 1960s. In late 1962, they quickly gained popularity after releasing their first hit, “Love Me Do”, which enkindled the ‘Beatlemania’ frenzy (Charness). Their newfound acclaim allowed them to completely revolutionize the music industry, and with their portraits and album covers appearing everywhere, it wasn’t long before The Beatles revolutionized the fashion industry as well. By the late 1960s, the band had become so world-renowned that they were able to take their influential potential to a new level by inciting movements against societies’ leading issues and promoting recreational drug use and spiritualism.
Methamphetamine created in 1919 in Japan. It went into wide use for both sides during World War II and it was especially used by Japanese pilots before their flights. Once the war was over, leftover storage of Methamphetamine went public resulting in extremely high amounts of abuse with this drug. During the 1950’s this drug was used as a diet aid and was also used in the thought that it helped to fight depression. It was also over used by college students, truck drivers, and athletes because of its easy availability. This pattern increased remarkably in the 1960’s when this drug became more available in an injectable form. The United States Government in the 1970’s made Meth, for most uses, illegal which then resulted in Mexican drug trafficking organizations to set up large labs in California. Today most of this drug that is available comes from Thailand, Myanmar, and China. (History of Methamphetam...
Methamphetamine is a stimulant for the central nervous system (O’Connor et al., 2006). This particular drug affects the pleasure sensors in the body by accelerating them to an extreme level (Siebel & Mange, 2009). Meth causes the brain to receive an abundance of dopamine, a chemical which is responsible for the sense of gratification (Siebel & Mange). According to the authors, a meth user’s brain can receive over one thousand percent of the normal levels of dopamine. This abundance of joy, commonly known as a high, can typically persist anywhere from eight hours to as long as twenty-four hours. After prolonged use, tachyphylaxis takes effect (Watanabe-Galloway, Ryan, Hansen, Hullsiek, Muli, & Malone, 2009). This is when the user does not get the same high that they had previously received from a particular dose (Watanabe-Galloway et al.). According to the authors, to fix this requires the user to increase their meth dose. After a user continuously consumes meth, they begin to lose their ability to feel pleasu...
For years, animals have been the subject of various types of scientific testing for many different things. But the question is: Is it right to subject animals to this kind of research? Research in medical science and in multiple product testing. Animals are put through countless hours of suffering just for the possibility of it being beneficial to humans. It is not even guaranteed that the research being done, in places such as medical laboratories, will even be effective when it comes to human trials. So shouldn 't we try to spare animals from such cruelty and find alternative testing methods?
To begin with, animal testing is vital to find out side effects of medicine that should be tested on animals rather than being tested on human begins. According to Archibald (2004), in 1937, in the USA, a drug was distributed in liquid to treat streptococcal infections. Unfortunately, the solvent was diethylene glycol (antifreeze), which was known to be horribly and fatally toxic but drug-safety testing was not required. 137 deaths followed. In addition, animals have saved human lives for decades. Without animal research, many of the diseases would still affect the world today and few cures would be found. According to Emory University, “major medical advances that have resulted from animal research include the treatment of rabies, smallpox, pellagra, and rickets and the discovery of sulfa drugs, penicillin, and other modern antibiotics.” Finally, animal research is continuing to enhance and improve the medical field overall. For example, a new neuroimplant system, the Tulggar, developed to solve the problems with present implants was tested on sheep to ensure the use on living tissue. Without the use of sheep to test this new implant system, the Tulgar would not have been developed and be established as a clinical tool in modern medicine (Kalkan et. Al, 2015). However, even though animal research has been the foundation for medicinal uses, animal rights activists will
Animal testing are experiments used on animal for scientific research. In 1981 Roger Sperry, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel were awarded a Nobel Prize for research in brain function by studying monkeys. Roger W Sperry found out that nerves linking and both hemispheres of the brain could be tempered with, without causing any life threatening events. Many animals are very similar to humans and by studying the brains of monkeys Roger W Sperry made a huge discovery about the human brain for mankind. That led to more knowledge about the brain and it's many functions. With the continuous study on animal's, many discovers have been made with gathering information on known diseases and identified new ones such as Lung Cancer, Heart Disease/Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Neurotic Factors and Hepatitis C. Animal research is a vital necessities for medical and scientific studies to keep advancing for the benefit of humans, but the disadvantage for the animal as they are paying the price and we receive the reward to continue provide for our kind. Our medical studies has advanced since the last plague and can prevent millions of people being killed can now be treated or prevented. Without the animal research these drugs would not have been researched to be developed and produced for human consumption. With our new technology and modern technology we have the ability to perform refined surgical procedures and the medical devices to operate in. Researching in animals has been a great benefit for animals themselves with lifesaving treatment for many domestic, wild and endangered species that prevented many severe diseases like rabies, anthrax, feline leukaemia, parvovirus and other severe diseases that animals can catch, is also harmful to cert...
The Beatles were the most influential popular music group of the rock era. They affected the post-war baby boom generation of Britain, the United States and many other countries during the 1960s. Certainly they are the most popular group in rock history, with global sales exceeding 1.1 billion records. While they were originally famous for merseybeat, or what some labelled light-weight pop music which provoked complete hysteria in young women. Their later works achieved a combination of popular and critical attention. They were more than recording artists, influencing fashion and culture and branching out into film and sometimes political activism. They achieved an iconic status with far reaching effects. The classic Beatles lineup consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr Liverpool, England. Beatlemania began in Britain on October 13, 1963 with a televised appearance at the London Palladium, and then exploded in the United States following the appearances of the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964.
Before the Beatles were the Beatles, they were just normal musicians. John Lennon the person in charge of the band in the 50’s called the Quarry Men met Paul McCartney on July 6, 1957, where both musicians are performing in Skiffle Groups. After hearing Paul play at the concert John’s manager asked Paul if he would like to join the Quarry Men, Paul accepted his offer. Many musicians tried out to join the Quarry Men, however none of them made it. On February 6, 1958 George Harrison tried out by playing Raunchy and John made him become the newest member of the group. The members of the Quarry Men are; “John, Paul and George, with the addition of Johns Friend from art college, Stu Sutcliffe and a guitarist named Pete Best” (The Beatles pg. 1). They went off to Germany to get a better chance to become known and famous. While they are in Germany, Stu Sutcliffe decides to go back to college to get back into art which he is in love with and be with Astrid which he met in Germany. The members remaining in the Quarry Men group renamed their group and now their group calling it Silver Beatles and returned to Liverpool. As the group thought their luck was terrible, a young record storeowner in the late 1961, with the name of Brian Epstein, noticed the Beatles with their great musicians skills, he thought they have something unique to them (History of The Beatles pg. 1). The Silver Beatles held a tough ima...
Animal experimentation may be very harmful to animals and inhumane but it is the only thing right now that is helping to discover new medical advances. Animal experimentation has been used to save many people’s lives and other animal lives. There are many negatives to animal experimentation such as the cost and the treatment of the animals. People are now taking a stand in trying to save and protect the animals.