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The Battle Over Air Quality Standards
Proposed by: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The American Lung Association (ALA)
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
The Sierra Club
Consumer and Other Environmental Organizations
Opposed by : The Air Quality Standards Coalition (It consists of approximately 600 industrial companies and interest groups)
Automobile manufacturers
The American Trucking Association,
The National Association of Manufacturers
The Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA)
According to the annual survey of air quality done by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1995, air pollution has decreased 30% nationwide over the past twenty five years yet "80 million people in the U.S. still breathe air that fails to meet these standards."2 General air quality of an area is determined by EPA by monitoring the concentrations of six criteria pollutants, which are carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide, in the air. Emissions of these six pollutants are regulated by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards program (NAAQS). Under the Clean Air Act, EPA is required to review NAAQS every five years to see if changes are necessary.
Out of these six pollutants, ozone and PM are more difficult to control than other four pollutants. Ozone is a chemical which is produced naturally in the stratosphere to provide a protective layer above the surface of the earth; but at ground level, it is produced by the photochemical reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in sunlight to contribute to the formation of smog. PM, on the other hand, is soot or "a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air."7 Particles...
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USEPA Office of Air and Radiation. "EPA Announces Proposed Standards." Jan. 13, 1997. http://ttnwww.rtpnc.epa.gov/naaqspro/index.htm.
Ryan, Dave. "EPA Proposes Air Standards for Particulate Maater and Ozone." Nov. 27, 1996. http://134.67.104.12/naaqspro/press.htm.
USEPA Office of Air and Radiation and Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards. "Health and Environmental Effects of Ground-Level Ozone." Nov. 29, 1996. http://134.67.104.12/naaqspro/o3hlth.htm.
USEPA Office of Air and Radiation and Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards. "Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter." Nov. 29, 1996. http://134.67.104.12/naaqspro/pmhlth.htm.
USEPA Office of Air and Radiation and Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards. "How the New Proposed Standards Will Affect My City or County." Nov. 26, 1996. http://134.67.104.12/naaqspro/mycity.htm.
The propositions and oppositions of regulating air pollution is extensive. Although this paper does not cover every proposition and opposition it will detail four pros and three oppositions, which will provide insight on the concerns of government regulation. Beginning with the propositions, scholars and analysts agree that the CAA has prevented premature deaths and illnesses, has been a good economic investment, has had a positive impact on the economy, and has helped the U.S. become a global leader in clean air technologies (EPA).
“Organ Sales Will Save Lives” by Joanna MacKay be an essay that started with a scenario that there are people who died just to buy a kidney, also, thousands of people are dying to sell a kidney. The author stood on her point that governments should therefore stop banning the sale of human organs, she further suggests that it should be regulated. She clearly points that life should be saved and not wasted. Dialysis in no way could possibly heal or make the patient well. Aside from its harshness and being expensive, it could also add stress to the patient. Kidney transplant procedure is the safest way to give hope to this hopelessness. By the improved and reliable machines, transplants can be safe—keeping away from complications. Regulating
Air quality control regions (AQCR) were designated by the federal government to implement air quality standards in regions based on urban-industrial concentrations, jurisdictional boundaries, among other factors. (Reed, 1986) The AQCR deems to be classified as attainment and nonattainment area according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), which set the pollution level of the six common air pollutants. An AQCR may have attainment for one pollutant and have nonattainment for another. (Fact Sheet: The Clean Air Act: Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and New Source Review
The environment and the health of the surrounding population go hand in hand. The Environmental Protection Agency takes on this ever so important mission of protecting them both. The mission statement of the EPA states, “The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Small Business Programs is to support the protection of human health and the environment by advocating and advancing the business, regulatory, and environmental compliance concerns of small and socio-economically disadvantaged businesses, and minority academic institutions (US Enviromental Protection Agency, 2010).” The impact of its mission can be defined clearly as it examines the impact of contamination in the air, the water, and the land on human health.
Prohibition was passed to eradicate the demand for liquor but had the inadvertent effect to raise the crime rates in American. Robert Scott stated, “Prohibition was supposed to lower crime and corruption, reduce social problems, lower taxes needed to support prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America” (Scott 2). As the demand for alcohol increased, people began to find new methods to mask the production and consumption of liquor. It became easier to break the rules. Organized crime blossomed and many law-abiding citizens turned into criminals. Court and prisons systems became over run and the drinking habits of American's changed for the worse.
Other forms of alcohol were easily available across america and became a way of life for many men in the times during prohibition. Prohibition created many problems including the increase in the crime rate throughout the U.S. and gang violence. Abraham Lincoln once said “Prohibition...goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a man’s appetite by legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes”. Mobsters gained their wealth through the illegal sale of alcohol. The average american man made 1,000 dollars annually during th...
...e organized crime foundation. The advent of the Great Depression caused a huge change in American opinion about Prohibition. Economic issues crippled the country, and it just didn't make sense to those suffering that the country couldn't profit from the legal taxation of alcohol. After all, the gangsters and bootleggers certainly seemed to benefit. The black markets that result from prohibitions represent institutionalized criminal exchanges. These criminal exchanges, or victimless crimes, often involve violent criminal acts. Prohibition and all that it brings is closely associated with organized crime. Violence is used in black markets and criminal organizations to enforce contracts, maintain market share, and defend sales territory. The crime and violence that occurred during the late 1920s and early 1930s was a major reason for the repeal of Prohibition. [5]
When we think of air pollution we think of the refineries in our cities and the exhaust coming from our cars mostly. In reality there are many more pollutants that we don't think about every day. The six most common air pollutants are; “Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides, Particulate matter, Volatile organic compounds, and Ground-level ozone (nitrogen oxide and Volatile organic compounds reaction)”(David Suzuki Foundation). The fact is people are dying from air pollution and we are doing nothing to make it better, in fact air pollution is getting worse.
Stephania A. Cornier, S. L. (2006). Origin and Helth Impacts of Emissons of Toxic By-Produts and Fine Particles from Combustion and Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Wastes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 810-817.
Because most of the population is exposed to air pollution and because there are ways to reduce pollutant le...
In addition, it mandated the removal of all ozone depleting substances as well as mandating a required permit program. This part of the amendment was called Clean Air Act Permitting Program (CAAPP). In this case permits would have to be attained by major sources of pollutants to operate. To have a successful implementation the 1990 amendment the EPA more tools for enforcement of these new regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency is undoubtedly the most influential and powerful agency in charge of protecting human and environmental health as well as writing and implementing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA is an agency that was created with the intent to meet public needs, express public values (Zaino 243) and prevent incidents such as the 1948 Donora Smog which was a catalyst to all of the Clean Air Acts enacted.
There are laws against the sale of human organs around the world, but limited enforcement of these laws. If the patient is willing to pay for an organ that would save and potentially extend their life, there will always be a black market for organ donation. In addition, if the donor is living in poverty or below, if an organ trafficking ring approaches this person with a promise to a gr...
Looking back into history had illuminated the problems the Prohibition caused and also its origins from which it stemmed. Society was pressured to make the Prohibition a reality, no matter that it affected the law, and people living within the time. Propaganda, along with an overture of diverse people living within America, acted as a catalyst to also create to Eighteenth Amendment. Violence was also a major issue during this time due to the overuse of alcohol: which led to the ban and restriction placed on the dangerous drink. This had been a large benefactor to instigating problems within families across the nation. Many looked at the Prohibition as a law infringing on citizens’ rights. Alcohol is a vast industry and as history has shown, when taken away the consequences are immense.
Baker, O. “Car-emission standards improve rural air.” Science News. 25 Sept. 1999. FindArticles.com. Online. Internet. 24 May 2001.
...-monoxide-effects.aspx, http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/HealthNotes/StoriesofHope/CanCarbonMonoxidebeGoodforYou.aspx, https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/carbonmonoxide-factsheet.pdf, http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/co/, http://www.linde-gas.com/en/products_and_supply/packaged_chemicals/product_range/carbon_monoxide.html, http://greenopedia.com/article/effects-black-carbon-health-and-climate, http://esseacourses.strategies.org/module.php?module_id=170, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95021/carbon-monoxide, Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2005. Carbon Monoxide (CO). p. 1., Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. n.d. Carbon monoxide. p. 2., http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/08/10/12007/soot-pollution-101/, http://www.airqualitynow.eu/pollution_environmental_problems.php#parag6