The Concept of Intelligence ABSTRACT: Gilbert Ryle’s dispositional analysis of the concept of intelligence makes the error of assimilating intelligence to the category of dispositional or semi-dispositional concepts. Far from being a dispositional concept, intelligence is an episodic concept that refers neither to dispositions nor to ‘knowing how,’ but to a fashion or style of proceeding whose significance is adverbial. Being derivative from the function of the adverb ‘intelligently,’ the concept of intelligence does not have essential reference to specific verbs but rather to the manner or style of proceeding of nearly any verb that is descriptive of the proceedings of an agent. Intelligence- words are expressive of a manner of doing things that may be narrated in one of two ways. The first takes the form of a series of contrasts which, when put together as a list of disjuncts, may be called the contrast-criteria of intelligence. The second may take the form of the characteristic activities which comprise the criteria of intelligence. This subject is but a small part of the larger issue that is waged between dualists and materialists: whether the words used to ascribe mental qualities have a physical or "psychological" reference. Much of the literature concerned with this broader topic takes on the character of a general broadside against either the materialist or dualist position. When specific qualities of our mental life are discussed, it is discussed either in passing, or to make certain that they be assimiable to the general thesis being propounded. When Gilbert Ryle wrote of intelligence,(1) he was interested in making it out to be a dispositional concept (his technique for refuting dualism). Ryle's fear seemed to ... ... middle of paper ... ...ire, (1949-1950, 242). (4) Ibid., 247 (5) Ibid. (6) If such limits of application exist, they would constitute a basis for the rejection of Ryle's claim that the dispositional concept of intelligence is determinable rather than determinate. (7) "Not merely do adverbial expressions pick out classes of action, they also pick out the internal details of the machinery of doing actions, or the departments into which the business of doing actions is organized."Austin, (1970, 193). (8) It is because of a failure to set limits (as in Ryle's description of "intelligent" as a determinable disposition) that the concept of intelligence becomes so easily confused with such concepts as learning and "know-how" in the minds of some philosophers (and I may add, psychologists) to the extent that they fail to see some rather obvious differences that exist between them.
Despite the fact that from May 2009 - February 2010, in Contra Costa County alone, there were 9 sudden cardiac arrests experienced by children and youth, there is no standard curriculum in place at school for youth and their parents to learn lifesaving CPR skills. The youngest was 10 years of age and the oldest was 17, which resulted in 4 deaths and 5 saved lives (Darius Jones Foundation, 2011). In each case, there was a direct correlation between bystander use of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and those children who survived.
Torgersen, J., Strand, K., Bjelland, T. W., Klepstad, P., Kvale, R., Soreide, E., et al. (2010).
I remember feeling quite puzzled by a sight during my first week in Boston; I walked by an individual someone who was lying down with eyes closed on the street and I was unsure as to whether he was just asleep, heavily sedated or unconscious. Even more disconcerting than this puzzling sight was the realization that I wasn’t confident in my ability to be of help if he was in fact in need of resuscitation. This disconcertion was taken care of in a few days when I completed a CPR course for all first year medical students at the end of our orientation
...m the pre- to post- testing across all experimental groups were relatively modest. Results for children in active treatment groups weren’t statistically different than the ones in the control group. The limited literature for PLI school age children suggested that the change was slow by standard scores on norm reference tests. It was noted that they had focused their analyses on the general measures of language and cognitive skills. The study was also affected by the sample size, especially the control group. It would have been productive if they considered each child’s characteristics at the starting point, and examinations of the effects of age, initial severity and language backgrounds. The author also noted, more homogeneous samples of bilingual children with PLI in future exploration and the overall intensity of the experimental treatment was high for children.
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Describe what evolutionary psychologists mean when they employ the term ‘theory of mind’. Use examples and research studies from Book 1, Chapter 2 to show why this theory is important in evolutionary psychology.
Hector evidently performs well in courses such as pre-calculus and economics that involve computation and concrete or black-and-white operations. Traditional theories of intelligence do not account for the ambiguity of classes such as philosophy or for the wide range of interests a child can have. For example, contemporary theories such as Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence and Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences both account for more than the general intelligence accounted for in traditional intelligence theories.
With this study it was proven how much of a difference high quality CPR increased survival ability of sudden cardiac arrests. Being able to perform high quality CPR is the first step in successful
The common name of a current invasive species found in California is the European Rabbit. The scientific name is the Oryctolagus cuniculus. European rabbits are grayish brown with commixed ebony, brown and reddish hairs on its back, light brown to beige fur on its underside, a beige ring around its eyes, and long ebony-tipped ears. It ranges from 13.5 to 20 inches (34-50 cm) in length and has a diminutive bushy tail that is 1.5 to 3.75 inches(4-8 cm) long. It ranges in weight from 2.25 to 5.5 lbs (1-2.5 kg), so it's a deceptively diminutive and cuddly-looking rabbit. The European rabbit looks homogeneous to a rodent in many ways. In addition, it genuinely belongs to the order of lagomorphs, along with hares and pikas. European
On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship's time. The Titanic made an impact, two hours and 40 minutes later, the boat was lost in the ocean forever. Just like Jack Jill, and Bob Blob. They tried to get on a rescue boat and they were being selfish and wanted to be the first people to get a lifeboat so they knew they would survive and so Tyrone T. lll stayed behind. So then they got on a lifeboat and it ended up sinking/freezing because of how many people were on it. It was the most well known ship for all
Each individual patient should be offered and given equal care. The most effective and efficient plan of care should be made available without any bias present. When an individual is diagnosed with cardiac disease, he/she and the family members should be educated on the increased survival rate of bystander CPR. The most up to date evidence practice educational material should be researched and provided for everyone involved. Proper techniques should taught with return demonstrations for effective results. The same criteria should apply to all patients without regards to race, gender, religion, or financial
Slowly, the disruption of these delicate balances are taking their toll on the native habitats and transforming small temporary changes into permanent problems. The area of environmental modification that will be emphasized in this paper is the introduction of non-native species to new habitats and the resulting effects on that habitat; specifically, the introduction of the European Rabbit to Australia.
Thomson, Pat (2005), Who’s Afraid of Saul Alinsky? Radical traditions in community organising, FORUM, vol. 47, Numbers 2 & 3, 199-206.
Lack of sufficient lifeboats could not prevent other difficulties that took place on the ship. Two problems that happened was a smoldering fire broke out in one of the ships coal bunkers and the breakdown of the Titanic's wireless system (Discovery.com). Edward J. Smith was the captain of the Titanic. Some might question his ability to command a voyage after fining out how Smith disregarded many ice warnings.
CPR and First Aid have become procedures that are commonly used in all medical fields. It is always good to know how to perform both of the procedures in case of any emergency that may arise when it is not expected. Having to perform CPR could save someone’s life, not knowing how to perform it correctly could result in a person not being saved. Knowing first aid is also crucial because it’s something that can be used not only in a medical setting, but also at home on family members. Getting all the knowledge that one can get on either of these two procedures will only benefit that person for the future.