Encomienda to Hacienda and Latifundio in Latin America
The encomienda system developed in the Antilles (the islands of
the West Indies except the Bahamas) when the group of settlers Columbus
brought with him on his second voyage to the New World were, essentially,
unwilling to work (Vigil 218). They solved this problem through forced
Indian labor. Queen Isabella I of Spain considered the native people
"free crown vassals" (Vigil 218) and instructed Governor Nicolas de
Ovando, Comendador Mayor of the military order Alcantara, to inform the
Indians that they had to pay tribute to the crown equal to the other
subjects. But the Indians refused to have anything to do with it,
resulting in a series of royal decrees starting in 1503 that resulted in
the encomienda system.
As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda consisted of a grant by
the crown to a conquistador, soldier, official, or others rewarded for
assisting in the conquest, of a specified number of Indians living in a
particular area. The receiver of the grant, the encomendero, could exact
tribute from the Indians in gold or labor ("Encomienda"). Basically, the
natives were gathered into villages under the supervision of a trustee and
forced to work in the construction of buildings, in mines, and in the
cultivation of the soil. In turn, the trustee (the encomendero) was to
civilize, Christianize, and protect the Indians (Thomas 51). Through this
system, the crown intended to both reward deserving conquerors and
settlers and to incorporate the Indians into Christian civilization by
placing them under the protection of responsible individuals (Vigil 218).
However, the system quickly became corrupted.
Although the enc...
... middle of paper ...
...on.
As improvements of these economic systems continue to be made, the
situation of the Latin American people also continues to improve,
hopefully ensuring a brighter future for the entire region.
Works Cited
Delpar, Helen. "Hacienda." Encyclopedia of Latin America. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.
Delpar, Helen. "Latifundium." Encyclopedia of Latin America. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.
"Encomienda." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/6/0,5716,33166+1,00.html.
"Hacienda." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/4/0/,5716,39504+1,00.html.
Thomas, Alfred Barnaby. Latin America: A History. New York: The MacMillan
Company, 1956.
Vigil, Ralph H. "Encomienda." Encyclopedia of Latin America. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.
Previous to the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour on December 7th 1941, tensions had been forming between the USA and Japan in the pacific. The US had cut of most supplies to Japan with the fear of Japanese expansion. The conflict that had been escalating between Japan and China since 1937 had the US treating Japan with great cautiousness. They had been monitoring Japanese Americans in anticipation of a surprise attack. However the attack on Pearl Harbour still shocked and outraged the American nation and affected the American psyche. After being assured that “a Japanese attack on Hawaii is regarded as the most unlikely thing in the world”(1), the sudden mass destruction of the U.S Navy’s Pacific fleet and deaths of roughly 2400 U.S soldiers and civilians as a result of such an attack undoubtedly lead to confusion and racial hatred amongst many US citizens. The assumption on the War Department’s behalf that Japan’s Navy were incapable of launching a full scale assault on the US Navy’s chief Pacific base was more than inaccurate. As a result, the US Naval base was unprepared and was quickly taken out. A hidden bias would soon become evident in both average civilians and higher positioned government officials. This bias against Japan aided in the formation of the Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) on February 19th 1942.
Myer, Dillon S. Uprooted Americans: The Japanese Americans and the War Relocation Authority During World War II. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970. Print
Taylor, Sandra C. Jewel of the Desert: Japanese American Internment at Topaz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into World War II (Prange et al., 1981: p.174). On February 19, 1942, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing the Secretary of War and Military Commanders to prescribe areas of land as excludable military zones (Roosevelt, 1942). Effectively, this order sanctioned the identification, deportation, and internment of innocent Japanese Americans in War Relocation Camps across the western half of the United States. During the spring and summer of 1942, it is estimated that almost 120,000 Japanese Americans were relocated from their homes along the West Coast and in Hawaii and detained in U.S. government-run concentration camps (Daniels, 2004: p.3). Approximately two-thirds of these men and women were either nisei—second generation Japanese—or sansei—third generation—Japanese Americans, the other third were issei—first generation—Japanese immigrants living in the United States at the time. While issei generation Japanese people were born in Japan and were not eligible for United States citizenship, members of the nisei and sanei generations were born in the United States, and therefore, were legal American citizens. Regardless of this distinction in citizenship, however, American powers perceived all of these men and women to be an imposing threat to the security of the United States.
The caudillo system established in Latin America after the wars for independence consisted of unstable transitional governments that achieved few of the goals recognized in an effective democratic government. Despite these shortcomings, the caudillo system maintained a predictable social order and prevented chaos. This system was the best available until the formation of a middle class could be achieved, resulting in a more democratic political system.
Robinson, Ken. “Education System Fosters a Culture of Conformity, Compliance. Chron.com. Hearst Newspapers, 16 March 2012. 3 April 2014.
Bruce Elleman, Japanese-American Civilian Prisoner Exchanges and Detention Camps, 1941-1945 (New York City: Routledge, 2006), 55.
...own to that time." As quoted in Weglyn, Michi N. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps, 1976, University of Washington Press ,
Curanderismo has evolved well throughout the Chicano community. This type of alternative for medicine dates back with the Spanish settlement and beliefs of the curanderos around that time. There are four parts of where a curandero can heal a person which are physical , mental, emotional and spiritual. Out of these four parts physical illness is the most treated. Although one may not believe a person can cure such things , the one thing that takes to cure is hope from the healer and the patient.
The whole issue involved with the unfair treatment of Japanese Americans in the internment camps by the Americans, started not so long after Japanese warplanes bombed the Pearl Harbor. President Roosevelt, the chief of staff at that time signed an Executive Order 9066 which entailed the detainment of anyone who had any descendant from Japan. Contradictory to all evidences presented by the intelligence agencies, first generation Japanese Americans were the easy prey used by the government to show they had total control of the situation. Using several primary documents and secondary sources, the forced imprisonment and harsh mistreatment of Japanese Americans in internment camps would be examined. Since there was a huge influx of Japanese Americans in the West Coast, there was anger and fear that they might take over the U.S [Yellow Peril]. The imminence of the World War II solidified the motive to be afraid of the Japanese Americans and created cause for the U.S government to lead them to internment. Surprisingly even though Americans boasted about democracy, most of the Nikkei placed in internment were American citizens by law and had no right to be incarcerated. After 30 years, President Ford, the current chief of staff reversed Executive Order 9066. He stated that it was wrong to detain Nikkei as they were loyal to America. A public apology and a payment of $20,000 were made out to Nikkei. This gesture solidifies the wrongdoing of Nikkei by the U.s government. The same conclusion could be drawn from a close look inside of the internment camps. From my research on the issue at hand, I propose a thesis stating that the incarceration of the Japan...
Over time, America has been nicknamed a ‘melting pot’ due to the plethora of ethnicities, religions, and lifestyles. Since contemporary America is a land of diverse beliefs, there’s not one main religious organization that largely influences society. This paper will argue that the Catholic Church played a notable role in shaping Colonial Latin American society compared to religious organizations in U.S. society today since the initial exploration of Latin America was set-off by the church’s desire to spread Catholicism, the monarchy’s continued involvement in the New World, and the church’s conservative ethics guiding how people lived.
"Animal-Assisted Therapy." Animal Assisted Therapy, Exploring the Therapeutic Link between Animals and Humans. American Humane Association, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. .
Robson, David. "Life in Camps." The Internment of Japanese Americans. San Diego, CA: Reference Point, 2014. N. pag. Print.
Global literatures in English have always played a key role in developing international understanding and appreciation for the social realities and cultural developments beyond Western lifestyles and familiarity. For anthropologists seeking to perceive the social realities of 20th century Latin America, the work of popular authors and novelists of this century is invaluable. Popular authors are the modern mouthpieces of the people and societies who read and love them, and thus, novelists can serve as reliable representatives of the social climate from which they draw material and compose their works.
Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT), which can be provided in a group or individual settings, is designed to promote improvement in a human’s physical, social, emotional, or cognitive function. An article by Chitic, Rusu, and Szamoskozi (2012) provides an analysis in order to determine the value of AAT. Both dogs and horses that were trained for AAT were examined and studied to determine their effectiveness in treating patients with psychological disorders. The results showed that both therapy dogs and horses were valuable aids to the therapeutic process. The analysis suggests that proper training and repeated sessions were necessary for proper treatment of patients. In addition, certain disorders may benefit more than others in regards to AAT. For example, a child with ADHD may not benefit from a therapy dog’s presence, for it may worsen the hyperactive symptoms. On the other hand, a patient with depression may benefit greatly from the same animal (Chitic, Rusu, Szamoskozi, 2012). These findings are a perfect starting point to answering the research question: Do patients who engage in AAT display a betterment in their overall emotional well-being, as well as show improvement in their interpersonal interactions...