Copyright in Cyberspace
That cyberspace has had and will have a significant impact on our lives is fact. People, however, love to take this effect to the extreme, saying that cyberspace is tending more and more toward lawlessness and anarchy. Popular phrases include: “Cyberspace will render law ineffective.” “There is no way to police cyberspace.” “The government cannot penetrate cyberspace with its laws and regulations.” These are all relatively common views. Part of this trend is the belief that intellectual property cannot be protected on the Internet because of perceived inherent characteristics of cyberspace. Some even believe this to be a good thing, that there should be no barriers that hinder the flow of information, no protection over an author’s publications. I argue the contrary. Cyberspace can and will become the subject of some sort of regulatory force. We are compelled to erase anarchy from the confines of cyberspace. We are impelled to protect the laws of copyright—the laws of real space can and should be made to apply to cyberspace. We have the technology and insight to do so. Now we must begin the process of breaking the code of lawlessness and replacing it with the code of order.
The Social Value of Copyright
A copyright is a federal property right granted for original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium. To qualify as original, the work must exhibit only a modicum of originality; that is, it must only be slightly original. As long as the work was not copied in its entirety from another source, it qualifies as original. The work does not have to be novel or unique or ingenious, just independently created.[1] The first copyright statute, launched in 1790,...
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...ns/jec/html…, 2.
[17] Ibid, 3.
[18] Lessig, 138-139.
[19] “Of Governance and Technology,” Inter@ctive WeekOnline, 2 October 1998.
[20] Lessig, 25.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Lessig, 6.
[23] National Research Council: Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Structure, The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press 2000) 152-156.
[24] Ibid 157-161.
[25] Peter Albert, Jr and Laff, Whitesel & Saret, Ltd, 281.
[26] The Digital Dilemma, 167.
[27] Mark Stefik, “Letting Loose the Light: Igniting Commerce in Electronic Publication,” in Internet Dreams: Archetypes, Myths and Metaphors, ed and compiled by Mark Stefik (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997) 227.
[28] Lessig, 129.
[29] Cohen, 29-33.
[30] Stefik, 243.
[31] The Digital Dilemma, 167.
Art historians have sought for a century to understand the motivation that drove Mary Cassatt against critical opinion and away from her early subject matter toward her series of Mothers and their Children that occupied her for what is now considered to be the prime of her artistic career. The series somewhat resembles the familiar images of Madonna of Child in visual organization, yet the level of intimacy shared by her subjects, while comparable in its level of intensity is set apart by the total absorption of her subjects in their own shared moment, completely independent and entirely unaware of the viewer’s presence. This was a controversial and highly progressive step at a time when the majority of art was painted by men, assumed a male viewership, and treated female subjects primarily as erotic objects of the male gaze. Completed in 1880, Mother about to Wash her Sleepy Child is one of the early paintings in the series, and is typical in its structure as well as its highly intimate subject matter.
Michael W. Doyle’s book Ways of War and Peace systematically analyzes classic theories like realism and liberalism that try to explain why nations wage war. However, not all theories discussed within the text are equal. In this paper I will try to argue that within the book written by Michael Doyle he paints a picture that the theory of realism is more applicable today then liberalism, even if that was not his original intention. Through careful evaluation I will prove that not only is realism a more pragmatic and realistic approach for the present time compared to liberalism, but I will also argue that fundamentalism is the best of Michael Doyle’s four different forms of realism.
In the early years of 2009 to 2010 the political process pushed health care through legislation led by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (Health care and government, 2013). This process was extraordinarily tiring, as many defenders of the bills passing were present. Many congressional members “dug their heels in”, and wanted to slow down the process even more as confusion about the bill was posed (Health care and government, 2013). Despite opposition by many sides of the American people, a Democrat-dominated House of Representatives passed the bill and the Affordable Care Act was signed into action on March 21, 2010 (Hogberg, 2013). Indeed, all three branches of government were instrumental with the passing the Affordable Care Act into place.
Motivation is the desire to accomplish something and it could be described in two ways: Intrinsic and Extrinsic (Ryan and Deci, 2000) - Intrinsic motivation is described by an interior desire to do things out of pleasure or love, worthy of note is that intrinsic motivation is not same to all individuals i.e all people are not motivated similarly by the same thing. Extrinsic motivation is concerning doing things exclusively for their result it is the opposite of intrinsic motivation, here rewards or punishment motivates people which comes as an effect of events external to the persons (Ryan and Deci 2000).
When Tim Berners-Lee created the Internet as a non-proprietor, not-for-profit information conduit, he could not have predicted how controversial digitized intellectual property would become. Prior to the Internet, intellectual property was a fairly straightforward issue. It was protected with copyright, trademark, and patent legislations, which granted exclusive rights to owners. Violations were not as abundant because distribution was constrained by time and space. Moreover, violators were identifiable because anonymity was difficult to achieve. In today's "global village" however, digital information such as books, music, software and art can be instantly shared between two anonymous users, without any fee to the creator. Legislation is much more difficult to enforce.
The presented article reviewed the impact that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has had on the US healthcare system following it being signed by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. As described in the article, much of the full effect of the ACA is yet to be determined due to its existence being only five years. However, within this time frame the ACA has greatly modified two key factors of the healthcare system; the expansion in coverage of health insurance and a reform in the delivery system of healthcare. Reform in these two areas came largely in part due to the federal government providing subsidies which allowed for 87% of the 11.7 million qualifying Americans to receive coverage, and secondly because of individual states being allowed to expand their Medicaid programs (Blumenthal, Abrams & Nuzum, 2015). The effects of the ACA on this 87%, have been that many were pleased with their coverage and report being
Over the past decade the societal view of creative society has greatly changed due to advances in computer technology and the Internet. In 1995, aware of the beginning of this change, two authors wrote articles in Wired Magazine expressing diametrically opposed views on how this technological change would take form, and how it would affect copyright law. In the article "The Emperor's Clothes Still Fit Just Fine" Lance Rose hypothesized that the criminal nature of copyright infringement would prevent it from developing into a socially acceptable practice. Thus, he wrote, we would not need to revise copyright law to prevent copyright infringement. In another article, Entitled "Intellectual Value", Esther Dyson presented a completely different view of the copyright issue. She based many her arguments on the belief that mainstream copyright infringement would proliferate in the following years, causing a radical revision of American ideas and laws towards intellectual property. What has happened since then? Who was right? This paper analyzes the situation then and now, with the knowledge that these trends are still in a state of transformation. As new software and hardware innovations make it easier to create, copy, alter, and disseminate original digital content, this discussion will be come even more critical.
People’s ideas and assumptions about world politics shape and construct the theories that help explain world conflicts and events. These assumptions can be classified into various known theoretical perspectives; the most dominant is political realism. Political realism is the most common theoretical approach when it is in means of foreign policy and international issues. It is known as “realpolitik” and emphasis that the most important actor in global politics is the state, which pursues self-interests, security, and growing power (Ray and Kaarbo 3). Realists generally suggest that interstate cooperation is severely limited by each state’s need to guarantee its own security in a global condition of anarchy. Political realist view international politics as a struggle for power dominated by organized violence, “All history shows that nations active in international politics are continuously preparing for, actively involved in, or recovering from organized violence in the form of war” (Kegley 94). The downside of the political realist perspective is that their emphasis on power and self-interest is their skepticism regarding the relevance of ethical norms to relations among states.
Realism is one of the important perspectives on global politics, it is a notion about the conservative society and political philosophy (Heywood 2011: 54; Shimko 2013: 36). Besides, Gilpin (1996) claims that “realism…, it is not a scientific theory that is subject to the test of falsifiability, therefore, cannot be proved and disproved.” (Frankel 1996: xiii). The components of the realist approach to international relations will be discussed.
Copyright, in its first form, was first introduced in 1710 with a British statute of Anne. Since this time copyright laws have changed to remain current, and have grown into an international agreement by many countries around the globe.
“The right to own one's genius is not a new concept. However, with the arrival of the digital age, it has become much harder to remain in control of one's intellectual property. Intellectual property has grown from the need to protect one's new invention, to the need to protect a slogan or a color. In other words, intellectual property rights no longer protect solely the interest of preserving a trade secret; it is now the interest to preserve one's monetary gain” (http://classes.soe.ucsc.edu/cmpe080e/Spring05/projects/ip/). This report will look at the pros and cons of intellectual property rights and the impact it has on society.
December 2009). Researchers from various organizations unequivocally agree that managers can use an employee’s intrinsic motivation to gain the maximum output from that employee as well as support the employee in achieving his personal career goals as stated by (George N. Root III 2016). According to (Thomas, K) managers should help their employees understand self-management process that involves four steps to increase intrinsic motivation. Those steps may perhaps be nominated as a sense of meaninglessness, of choice, of competence and as a sense of progress. One of the successful strategies that managers can take into consideration is to clearly define strategic visions and goals set by an organisation. Moreover, by providing a broad vision of a company, managers demonstrate a warm sense of meaningless for an employee that makes him feel like there is an opportunity for him to accomplish something of real value, something that matters in the big picture as said by (Thomas, K 2009). In addition, Managers should make employees feel like their job is a choice, not a requirement in order to encourage employees to demonstrate intrinsic willingness to perform better. Nevertheless, some organisations emphasize that managers can experience numerous issues in increasing intrinsic motivation. For instance, an intrinsically motivated employee will only be able to do the particular task depending on “interesting, challenging, and has personal meaning based on the satisfaction they receive from performing the activity itself” (Giancola, 2014, p. 25). Essentially managers would face issues with increasing an employee’s performance when an extremely vital task has been assigned to the employee that has no interest in undertaking the given task. Although In my mind,
Kaufman, D., Parker, J., Howell P., Doty, G., (2004). Six Principles of Political Realism. In Understanding International Relations: The Value of Alternative Lenses. Morgenthau, H. J.; New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mullins (2002) classifies motivation into Intrinsic and Extrinsic types. Intrinsic motivation involves psychological rewards to enhance job satisfaction, such as the opportunity to use one's ability, a sense of achievement, receiving appreciation and positive recognition or being treated in a considerate manner (Mullins, 2002:P490). Such methods ensure employees are constantly motivated while being engaged in activities that are enjoyable and rewarding.
Copyright infringement is a major issue with media ethics. Many people confuse copyright infringement with trademark infringement (Miller, 2012). However, copyright infringement is when someone unlawfully uses a particular work that is protected by copyright law. These works can include: movies, pictures, songs, albums, artwork, pieces of literature, and newspapers. There is no reason for any of the previous to be copyright infringed, because there are ways to correctly cite all of them as sources, without illegally copyright infringing them. Most people simply do not use their resources to help them with their citing.