Surrealism
Surrealism was one of the most influential artistic movements of the 20th Century. André Breton consolidated Surrealism as a movement in the early 1920s, trying to achieve the “total liberation of the mind and of all that resembles it[1]” through innovative and varied ideas. Surrealism deeply influenced the world in the era between the two world wars and played a big role in the diffusion and adoption of psychology worldwide. Surrealism faded after World War II, but its revolutionary genius has influenced every artistic movement ever since.
It is hard to define and give shape to Surrealism. Surrealism and abstract art have similar origins, “but they diverge on their interpretation of what those origins mean to the aesthetic of art[2].” It all started after World War I with Tristan Tzara and the Dada movement’s desire to attack society through scandal and ugliness. Tzara attacked the new industrialized society – specifically the bourgeoisie – because he believed that “a society that creates the monstrosity of war does not deserve art, so he decided to give it anti-art[3].” To Tzara’s surprise “the bourgeoisie embraced this ‘rebellious’ new art so thoroughly that anti-art became Art, the anti-academy the Academy, the anti-conventionalism the Convention, and the rebellion through chaotic images, the status quo[4].” The use of scandalous and amorphous figures and symbols – the grotesque – as a way of expression acquired a whole new dimension through the Dadaists.
One group of artists, however, decided to rebel against the rebellion and, instead of adopting Dadaism, started their own movement to further emphasized the role of the unconscious; employing psychology in a more orderly and serious manner[5]....
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...t.com. “What is Surrealism.” 2004. <http://www.surrealist.com/what_is_surrealism.aspx>.
[9] Sanchez, Monica. “History of Surrealism.” 2002. <http://www.bway.net/~monique/history.htm>.
[10] Sanchez, Monica. “History of Surrealism.” 2002. <http://www.bway.net/~monique/history.htm>.
[11] Sanchez, Monica. “History of Surrealism.” 2002. <http://www.bway.net/~monique/history.htm>.
[12] Sanchez, Monica. “History of Surrealism.” 2002. <http://www.bway.net/~monique/history.htm>.
[13] Sanchez, Monica. “History of Surrealism.” 2002. <http://www.bway.net/~monique/history.htm>.
[14] “Surrealism.” Encarta Encyclopedia. 2004. Microsoft Corporation. < http://encarta.msn.com>.
[15] Surrealist.com. “What is Surrealism.” 2004. <http://www.surrealist.com/what_is_surrealism.aspx>.
[16] http://www.connect.net/ron/surreal.html
“No man ever proves himself a good man in war unless he can endure to face the blood and the slaughter, go against the enemy and fight with his hands.” The preceding was quoted from “The Spartan creed” by the poet Tyrtaeus. There are two authors in this primary resource reading which include Tyrtaeus as well as Xenophon, whom authored “The laws and customs of the Spartans”. These two works give great detail to the Spartan society. As history has presented it, Sparta was a smaller polis and yet was one of the most, if not most, influential societies in history. What we know of this culture comes to us from excavation of its heritage as well as literary works such as these. But are these “eyes” into history factual and creditable enough to base our own interpretations of such a masterful race? These writings are great resources for Spartan’s war enhanced values and societal customs, but lack in evidence of governmental affairs and religion. This lacking may have been due to both writer’s motives for their work.
From this evaluation and historical representations given by philosophers and historians during approximately the same era that is represented within 300. It is argued that the popular culture incarnations of Sparta as the ‘Noble, selfless fighters with a warrior mentality’ and the Persians as the ‘Evil, tyrannical, overindulgent, oppressors’ were not entirely historically accurate.
Hellenic culture in the Spartan community was that of a humble elite. True Spartan culture is well captured in Xenophon’s work, Spartan Society, as he wrote of how this elitist society viewed not only themselves, but the other countries around them. This work shines light into the three-part worldview of the ancient, Hellenic Spartans of: humanism, idealism, and rationalism. As Xenophon begins to write over the whole of the Spartan society it can be seen how the Spartans lived out the worldview of this Hellenistic society. This living out of the worldview recorded in Xenophon’s, Spartan Society, illustrates their worldview through the noting of Lycurgus’ accomplishments and the contrast of the “other.”
When discussing the Spartan economy it is essential that the structure of Spartan society is explained. This structure directly effects Spartan economic production and its primary agrarian focus. The social structure of ancient Sparta was made up of three classes of individuals, the Spartiates, the Perioikoi, and the Helots. The Spartiates were native Spartans, those who had ancestry back to the first inhabitants of the settlement. The Homoioi—peers and equals—were at the top of the social pyramid, they were citizens with full rights, Spartiates. It was strictly forbidden for the Spartiates to engage in any economic activity at any time, rather they were devoted to military service and training. Family life for a Spartiate was limited, a
The Abstract Expressionists are different from Surrealists in the way that they didn’t need to have an exact plan for their artwork. The Abstract Expressionists were more spontaneous in their artwork and didn’t interfere with the subconscious process, unlike the Surrealists did in order to convey their emotions. Not only are the Abstract Expressionists different from Surrealists in their styles, but also in religious connections that are rarely
Sparta had very different values than that of societies today. Located on Peloponnese, a peninsula in southern Greece, it slowly grew enough to be considered a city-state. The people there valued military more than morals. The Spartans owned helots and fought against an army much bigger than theirs and everyone died but stopped the Persians using the phalanx. The strengths in Sparta’s education system outweigh the weaknesses because boys were taught the proper attitude, to care for and use their bodies, and how to be prepared for whatever comes their way.
Surrealism started as a Cultural movement in the 1920’s. It began with writings as well as visual artworks and was a way to express dreams imagination. There was no control on Surrealism and left artist to create art how they feel. Surrealism had similarities to Dadaism such as its anti-rationalist view. Surrealism was founded by Andre Breton, in Paris, 1924 after he created a manifesto of the art movement, the manifesto describes surrealism as “Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express…absence of any control…exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern” which puts emphasis on the ‘dream’ aspect of the movement. The manifesto states the importance of inspiration based of dream. The manifesto includes many pieces
Surrealism was considered a cultural movement of the time and started in the early 1920s. The aims of the Surrealists of this time seemed to follow day to day life and all they tried to show in their works were to target dream and reality. It targeted the inconsistent of the reality and dreams. They also aimed to target the element of surprise.
In the beginning, Surrealism was primarily a literary movement, but it gave artists an access to new subject matter and a process for conjuring it. As Surrealist paintings began to emerge, it divi...
Kennell, Nigel M. The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education & Culture in Ancient Sparta. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1995. Print.
The main summary of the book is “Plutarch's vivid and engaging portraits of the Spartans and their customs are a major source of our knowledge about the rise and fall of this remarkable Greek city-state between the sixth and third centuries BC.” “Through his Lives of Sparta's leaders and his recording of memorable Spartan Sayings he depicts a people who lived frugally and mastered their emotions in all aspects of life, who also disposed of unhealthy babies in a deep chasm, introduced a gruelling regime of military training for boys, and treated their serfs brutally. Rich in anecdote and detail, Plutarch's writing brings to life the personalities and achievements of Sparta with unparalleled flair and humanity.” This is only a small summary of
Surrealism and realism are complete opposites. Surrealism means “beyond reality”. It is when someone creates art or literature that used images that represent unconscious thoughts and fantasies. It basically means that there are realistic characteristics is a non-realistic environment. Surrealism is usually represented through art. An example of surrealism is when Ned swam all these pools thinking it has only been a few hours, but in fact it had been a few months or ye...
Thousands of foreigners are smuggled across national borders as forced labour in factories, farms, and brothels. Many are forced to become victims of human trafficking through force or the false promise of the American dream. The threat of human trafficking presently is that it deprives people of their human rights, it is a global health risk, and fuels the growth of organized crimes, such as sex crimes. Within this paper I will discuss my research on human trafficking and the victims’ deprivation of human rights. In order to so, I will synthesize three relevant sources on this topic, discuss additional questions that should be addressed when further researching this issue from a peace studies perspective, and outline a specific proposal for future research.
Athens and Sparta were both city-states in Classical Greece. While Athens embraced democracy, Sparta was a dictatorial fierce warrior state. Sparta was a militaristic community, Athens was a freethinking, and commerce minded city-state. Modern societies have modeled their government organizational structure and military discipline practices from lessons learned of these ancient city-states. There is much is to be praised regarding Classical Greece for their courage, their progressive thinking and the birth of democracy. However, I think it is important to remember that in both cases, Athens and Sparta were able to sustain their lifestyle on the backs of countless slaves, non-citizens and women and that there is a darker and less romantic side to the past.
Surrealism is an art movement that began with Andre Breton in the 1920’s, and is still very prevalent today. It has spawned some of the world’s most mysterious and enigmatic works of art, from ‘The Persistance of Memory’ by Salvador Dali, to Joan Miro’s ‘Throwing a Stone at a Bird.’