The term "grotesque" in art and literature, commonly refers
to the juxtaposition of extreme contrasts such as horror and
humor, or beauty and monstrosity, or desire and revulsion. One
function of this juxtaposition of the rational and the irrational
is to subdue or normalize the unknown, and thereby control it.
The simultaneity of mutually exclusive emotional states, and the
discomfort it might cause, inspires a Freudian analytic critical
approach because of its focus on controlling repressed desires
through therapeutic rationality.
There are volumes of Freudian art criticism, which typically
begin by calling attention to manifestations, in some work of
art, of the darkest desires of the id. Perhaps in no field of
art criticism does Freud's name appear more frequently than in
surrealism, and for various reasons, the grotesque figures very
strongly in that art movement. From the association of
surrealist art and Freud, we can derive a cursory understanding
of the grotesque in this breed of Modernist art: the grotesque
appears as an image, the content of which might traditionally be
repressed, but instead, it is expressed within the controlled
confines of a work of art. The psychoanalytic critic will focus
on the simultaneous attraction to and repulsion from the dream-
like imagery on the surrealist canvas. Yet, this does not
consider the surrealist notion of art as a liberation of the
subconscious, nor does such analysis adequately incorporate the
surrealist goal of political revolution. Instead, it reduces
surrealist art criticism to the interpretation of dreams. This
Freudian view becomes too limiting of our understanding of
surrealism, the grotesque, and perhaps even of ourselves...
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...d Practice of Dream Interpretation." in Freud:
Therapy and Technique. ed. Philip Rieff. New York: Collier
Press, 1963. pp. 205-235.
Heidegger, Martin. "What is Metaphysics?" in Basic Writings, ed.
David Farrell Krell. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
Plank, William. Sartre and Surrealism. Ann Arbor: Univeristy of
Michigan Research Press, 1972.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Nausea. trans. Lloyd Alexander. New York: New
Directions, 1964.
------- The Psychology of Imagination. trans. Bernard Frechtman.
New York: Washington Square Press, 1966.
------- The Writings of Jean-Paul Sartre: A Bibliographic Life
Chicago: Northwestern University Press. Interview with
Claudine Chonez in Marianne, Dec. 7, 1938.
------- "What is Literature?" and Other Essays. Trans. Steven
Ungar. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Literature regarding eating disorders in non-Western cultures in general is scarce. Very few studies address disordered eating in cultures outside of the Western and Westernized world. This could be because of the perceived lack of eating disorders in non-industrialized countries or even because there is an overwhelming amount of concern over eating disorders in Western society. However, there have been several studies done on binge eating and dietary restraint in non-western citizens and in non-Caucasian women in the United States. Women who are not from a Caucasian background face different societal and traditional pressures than do Caucasian women in Western cultures, but some of the women in those cultures were found to have binge eating disorders as well as negative body images. These women may exhibit eating disorders for the same reasons women in western cultures do, such as extreme concern over shape and weight, low self-esteem, and emotional disorders (Becker, 2003, 425). Through acculturation to Western ideals and exposure to Western norms, they may have developed a “Western” perspective of body image. However, they may also face pressures based on their own cultures' traditions such as feasting, idealizing more robust women, and using meals as their primary means of socialization (Becker, 2003, 430). The few existing studies on this subject seem to agree that a fusion of the two factors determines the appearance of binge eating and dietary restraint in non-Caucasian females.
“The Globalization of Eating Disorders.” The McGraw-Hill Reader. Muller, Gilbert H. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014. 639-642. Print.
In Luke 16:19, Jesus immediately describes the first person of the story in the following way, “There was a rich man.” The story does not attribute the rich man’s wealth to his ultimate demise and his condemnation to Hades, but it does place emphasis on his extravagant lifestyle and appetite for luxury. The rich man is said to have had a consistent manner of dress, which was to dress in purple and fine linens. Although this may very well describe any rich person, it would make more sense if we presumed, based on verse 14 that the Lord was speaking to the Pharisses of his day, or rather those religious people that thought they could serve both God and mammon and could get to heaven through their own twisted interpretation of the Bible. This specific verse exemplifies many of the rich televangelists of today that own their own private jets, live in mansions and have the same appetite for luxury as the rich man.
Throughout America’s history, capital punishment, or the death penalty, has been used to punish criminals for murder and other capital crimes. In the early 20th century, numerous people would gather for public executions. The media described these events gruesome and barbaric (“Infobase Learning”). People began to wonder if the capital punishment was really constitutional.
Events of the time had led to a near breakthrough to bring the dead to
...ed nations in its support for capital punishment (with the exception of China), but America, in her exceptionalism, has often stood alone in defense of that which is good and decent and just. While the consistency of the implementation must be expanded to all murderers, rather than reserved, this presents an opportunity for reform and increased efficacy. The Declaration of Independence holds that the right to life is an unalienable among all men, and if this creed of life's value is to be taken seriously, then those who assume it upon themselves to deny an innocent man of this right can hold no equal share in it. Today, serving 48 consecutive life sentences, the Green River Killer can still laugh and learn, read and write, forge friendships and fall in love, and engage in scores of other things permanently obscured from at least 48 innocent women. Is this justice?
Thirty-two of the fifty states of the United States of America have capital punishment and in those thirty-two sates there are over three thousand people on death row as of January 1, 2013, according to the Death Penalty Information Center. The murderers of today’s society can be assured of a much longer life even after conviction because of the appeals process slowing the implementation of their death sentence. (Oberg) The imposition of the death penalty is extremely expensive because it allows for endless appeals at the expense of the taxpayers. The effectiveness of the death penalty is greatly compromised when it is not carried through. There needs to be a certainty attached to it to make it effective, and that has not happened. There needs to be one trial, one appeal, and then either acquittal, or execution. (Baltimore Sun) The states need to stop pushing for the abolition of the death penalty and start looking for a way to make it more cost-effective.
Throughout all of Flannery O’Connor’s work, there are three dominant themes that show themselves: Christianity, irony, and grotesqueness. In nearly every story of hers, O’Connor is able to make a tragic story very grotesque in the way that she describes the events and characters of her story. [add more to introduction]
Food. It is essential for survival. Without it, people die. However, oddly enough, many struggle to live without it to accomplish the standards that our culture has created for us. We are taught that being thin is perfection and will lead to a happier life. However, lurking are the health risks that one pays for obtaining the “perfect body”. Still, along with a distorted body image, others struggle with keeping weight down and fall into the diet fads that the world parades. From movies, magazines, and television, the media also sends us messages that being fat is bad and unhealthy while being thin and beautiful is acceptable. The impact of such influences has increased eating disorders in America. These disorders do not discriminate. Anyone regardless of age, sex, race, or background can develop one and without help it can lead to death.
“The attention-grabbing pictures of various high-flying supermodels and actors on different magazine covers and advertisements go a long way in influencing our choices” (Bagley). The media is highly affective to everyone, although they promote an improper image of living. Research proved says those with low self-esteem are most influenced by media. Media is not the only culprit behind eating disorders. However, that does not mean that they have no part in eating disorders. Media is omnipresent and challenging it can halt the constant pressure on people to be perfect (Bagley). Socio-cultural influences, like the false images of thin women have been researched to distort eating and cause un-satisfaction of an individual’s body. However, it is clear that, although virtually all women are exposed to these socio-cultural influences, only a very small proportion develop clinical eating disorders (Mazzeo and Bulik). Every article believes that socio-culture have an impact on eating disorders. Although, researchers believe that is not the only reason, and the easiest statement to make. Eating disorders are far more complicated than it just being blamed on the media. Bagley, Mazzeo and Bulik all state that media play a role in the development but are not the main reason to developing an eating disorder. In all of the research done thus far media is a part of eating disorders, but not the only culprit.
I find comfort and security in knowing that love and forgiveness, regardless of my mistakes, is never withheld. Not believing in something greater than myself soon leaves me in the darkness and despair of the unknown and I feel like the meaning and purpose of my life is robbed from me. My religion also impacts my nursing practice. I have faith that God hears our cries and prayers. I believe that he does answer them, although it may not always be in the way that we want, expect or understand. If a patient of mine is struggling I can turn to God for assistance in caring for one of his children. If they happen to disclose their beliefs and are open to talking about them, I can walk beside them on their journey with life and death. An individual’s beliefs, culture and diversity impact actions and behaviours in the workplace (Harris,
Modernism was a widespread change that took place in the late 19th century that continued throughout the early 20th century. This changed the scientific discovery, political philosophies, industrialization, and the growth of urban centers. During this time art was filled with many new and different ideas and styles, which include painting, sculpture, and so much more. This allowed artists to be free to express their emotion in what they want to do within their artwork. In Paris this launched the movement called Impressionism. Impressionist techniques independently, each artist using short or broken brush strokes that barely take forms, unblended colors, and shadows and highlights of light. Its founding members included Edgar Degas, Vincent Van Gogh, and Auguste Renoir, among many other artists. Their work is acknowledged today for its modernity, which embodied its rejection styles of new ideas that illustrate modern life.
One of the most repetitive and controversial topics discussed in the criminal justice system, is the death penalty. Capital punishment has been a part of our nation’s history since the creation of our constitution. In fact, as of January 1st, 2016, 2,943 inmates were awaiting their fate on death row (Death Penalty Information Center). Throughout my life, I have always been a strong advocate for the death penalty. During the majority of my undergraduate degree, I was a fierce supporter of capital punishment when discussing the topic in classes. However, throughout many criminal justice courses, I found myself in the minority, regarding the abolishment of the death penalty. While debating this topic, I would always find myself sympathetic to the victims and their families, as one should be, wanting those who were responsible for heinous crimes to
The means of justifying these inequalities are important for the entire world. Education played and will always play a big role in everyone’s lives. Equality in education will eventually guarantee every person a better position in society. Educational inequality is the difference in learning effectiveness and results as faced by students with varying backgrounds. The effects of educational inequality are not only left within the circles of education, but also remain further to have an impact on other life aspects. All over the world, there have been unending calls to reform education at each level. With various causes that are very much connected to society, history and culture, the educational inequality has apparently been one of the most difficult challenges to address. Regardless of the challenges faced in removing educational inequality, education has continued to be a very important part of society with a big expectation of moving it forward. In the current-day America, very many disadvantaged children have continued to grow up missing key skills. Discrimination has continued to persevere in educational achievement between racial issues. Above all, low performance levels among these disadvantaged children have over the years been responsible for the long-term issues, especially in such an society with higher levels of skills and a failing incomes offered to those people that are less-skilled.
In my professional life I need to ensure that I do not let secular or post-modern worldviews influence my decisions and how I conduct my own personal behavior. My worldview should be an example to others, co-workers, and students. Finally, consistently pray and ask God to allow me to be his servant and light in a world that is increasingly turning their back on Him and His word.