Shaping of Cultural Values Through Environment in The Left Hand of Darkness, The Fellowship of the Ring, and Dune
Ursuala K. LeGuin's The Left Hand of Darkness was written after J.R.R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring and Frank Herbert's Dune. One of the most interesting comparisons between the three novels is how the authors treat the issue of cross-cultural misunderstandings. All three works contain many incidents where people of one race or planet encounter people of a different race or from a different planet. Tolkien treats this issue in a 'specisitc' or physiological manner. The cultural misunderstandings and clashes that arise in The Fellowship of the Ring are due to the differing physiology of the characters. Herbert deals with cultural misunderstandings in an environmental manner. In Herbert's world, cultural values depend less on which species a character belong to (because all characters seem to be "roughly" human) and instead depend on environmental variables. In The Left Hand of Darkness, LeGuin combines both approaches. The cultural misunderstandings between Genly Ai and Gethenians are due both to difference in physiology and different cultural values imprinted by environmental factors
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Tolkien's physiological approach is best seen by examining the hobbits attitude towards the outside world. The hobbits are suspicious of, and generally do not understand, non-Hobbits. This can be seen by the Shire's constant suspicion of Bilbo's past adventures. The miller Sandyman comments on Bilbo's adventures: "Elves and Dragons! I says to him. Cabbages and potatoes are better for me and you. Don't go getting mixed up in the business of your betters, or you'll land in trouble too...
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...iologically different from the Gethenians and comes from a planet with a totally different environment. Both of these factors lead to numerous misunderstandings in LeGuin's novel. The difference in the three authors approaches may be seen in the debate between genetics and environment may be the broader issue. Tolkien seems to take the genetics side, Herbert takes the environmental side, and LeGuin, being the daughter of an anthropologist, realizes that both genetics and environment determine cultural values. These values often come into conflict, and when they do, misconceptions and misunderstandings are almost inevitable.
Works Cited
Herbert, Frank. Dune: 1984, Chilton Book Company
LeGuin, Ursula L. The Left Hand of Darkness: 1969, Ace Book Company
Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring: 1993, Houghton Mifflin Company
In 1863, the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was awoken to the beginning of what was to be the turning point of the Civil War for the Union. It began as a small skirmish, but by its end it involved so many Americans to which would become one of the bloodiest battles ever taken place on Unites States soil. The Battle of Gettysburg was not only a turning point in the war.
It will be the contention of this paper that much of Tolkien's unique vision was directly shaped by recurring images in the Catholic culture which shaped JRRT, and which are not shared by non-Catholics generally. The expression of these images in Lord of the Rings will then concern us.
Ellis, A. (1971). Emotional disturbances and its treatment in a nutshell. Canadian Counsellor, 5(3), 168-170.
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The few remaining wrestlers, the noteworthy ones being Ricky Steamboat and Rey Mysterio, knew what was coming. Ricky turned into a dragon and fled the stadium. Meanwhile, Rey put both his hands straight in the air, lifting off the ground and slowly accelerating towards the heavens. The Hulkster pointed to the few living crowd members, and began what is traditionally known in weeb circles as the “Super Saiyan Shout.” Hogan stood the Giant up, got him locked in, then hit with a ferocious body slam. An explosion of unprecedented size destroyed the arena, and it was a few minutes before the smoke cleared. Although the arena was but a crater, as was all of Earth, the Hulkster stood in the wreckage. He was the WWE champion, if only because everybody else on Earth was
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Bottom line. Wrestlemania 20 is a great experience, and definitely one of my favorites, for many reasons. It deserves it's praise from all the wrestling fans, and at the time, brought my faith back to wrestling. This is one you need to experience if you haven't. An absolute must see.
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