High Death Rate in Nineteenth Century Operations
In the early 19th century the amount of operations carried out each
week was a very small amount when compared to today’s figures. There
were many reasons for this, but one was the patients attitudes towards
allowing themselves have an operation. It was well known at this time
the conditions of hospitals. They were very unsanitary and the
majority of people did not come out alive. Before 1847, patients that
underwent an operation in hospital did so as a last resort. There
chances of survival were minimal. This was common knowledge and
because of this many people did not want to go to hospital to receive
the treatment they needed. An operation in the 19th century usually
consisted of an amputation of a limb or the removal of bladder stones.
During the operations the patient would be able to feel the doctor
cutting into there skin and the pain would be immense. At this time
there were few antiseptics and usually the only form of pain relief
was to drink yourself silly with alcohol, in the hope that you would
pass out and numb the pain of the operation. This would never
completely dull the pain and the operation would be excruciation for
the patient during and after. The patents had to be restrained during
the operation as they could move and cause the doctor to make a
mistake and cause a fatal injury. The rich would not visit hospitals
because of the infection that could be caught. They knew that the
hospitals were unsanitary and if an operation was needed, it was
usually performed at home in the kitchen or bedroom. This was seen as
a cleaner and safer option than going to the filthy hospitals. Because
the rich did not use the hospitals, they would still pay to use them
but give there places to the poor, a worker or maid. This was seen as
good gesture towards them, but going to a hospital in the 19th century
was not as sensible as many infections could be caught and death was
Homelessness has been a long standing problem in the United States dating back to the American Civil War and significantly increased during the Great Depression. After the Great Depression, even when the economy regained strength, homelessness continued to be a widespread problem (NLCHP, 2007). Due to the deindustrialization movement in 1950’s, many people lost their jobs. Factory jobs offered well-paid wages and needed little to no skill base. Therefore, during the deindustrialization movement, people were left with no source of income and no skills to find another job. As a result for the United States Government not establishing anything to a...
The history of welfare systems dates back to ancient China and Rome, some of the first institutions known to have established some form of a welfare system. In both of these nations, their governments created projects to provide food and aid to poor, unemployed, or unable families and individuals, however these were based on “moral responsibility.” Later in history, in 1500’s England, parliament passed laws that held the monarchy responsible for providing assistance to needy families by providing jobs and financial aid. These became known as “poor laws” (Issitt).
In reading Dr. John A. Hayward’s account called “A Casualty Clearing Station” from www.firstworldwar.com, he states that his time caring for patients in the suburbs did not prepare him for what he was to experience as a doctor/surgeon in the war, tending to injuries fresh from the battlefield. Hayward speaks of the state of shock, panic he was in the first time he cared for the wounded directly from the frontline, a memory that would always stay with him. As I continued to read his story, I was curious as to how those injured on the frontline were brought to him. I decided to write about the process of transporting the injured and where were they brought. I want a clearer picture of those brave individuals that went into the fields to bring back soldiers who needed care, and who tended to the wounded.
The purposes of hospitals in the 18th century served a different purpose than the 21th century hospitals. The United States hospitals arose from “institutions, particularly almshouses, which provided care and custody for the sickly poor. Entrenched in this tradition of charity, the public hospital traces its ancestry to the development of cities and community efforts to shelter and care for the chronically ill, deprived, and disabled” ("America 's Essential Hospitals,2013").Hospitals in the earlier years in the United States are far more different than they are today.
Over 5000 volunteer nurses’ north and south served in military hospitals during the Civil War. Nurses were of all sorts and came from all over. Women wanted to be involved in this national struggle in any way they could. They did not want to stay home and play their traditional domestic roles that social convention and minimal career opportunities had confined the majority of their sex to. Many women thought of nursing as an extension of their home duties, almost like taking care of “their boys.” They recall the Civil War as a time when their work as nurses made a difference. It gave them an opportunity to prove they had the ability and courage to help.
pay for the rent of the mill, the Soubirous were forced to quit their dwellings,
...residents sought to promote the welfare of all those who were afflicted by poverty. They helped the poor because they believed that if given the opportunity then they would one day succeed and be productive citizens like non-poor Americans. They also strove to figure out why the poor were poor. They wanted to change the social as well as economic standing of those who were afflicted by poverty.
Käthe Kollwitz’s artwork focuses on her ever-changing belief about death. Infant mortality, death as result of war, and her own relation to death are a few ways in which she associates death in her work. She showed death as a worthy sacrifice, as a villain taking life to soon, and finally as a friend coming to escort her to the thereafter. She had an almost obsessive relationship with death. When death was not physically personified in her work it was an unseen enemy portrayed in her figures faces and body expressions. Her view on society and her duty as a mother was entangle with death. Though the topic is morbid her artwork is something to be admired and praised. As the old saying goes beauty is in the eye of the beholder and though death is shown in Kollwitz’s artwork it is somehow beautifully sad.
If the homeless do not have a function in society they cannot compete for the resources available, but if we give them back their purpose they will have an equal opportunity to the resources they are due. The homeless- and most people in poverty- are in an endless circle of disadvantage, since there are no jobs available they cannot establish a place of residence and with no place of residence they cannot get a job or show previous work experience. Even if they have the skills that qualify them for a job they will not be able to take the next step and become a valued member of society once more. Many of the homeless population are not homeless by choice, many have lost the only job in the household, many are military veterans that have not assimilated back to civilian life, and some are homeless due to natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina. "It can happen to anyone of us. A hurricane, earthquake or wildfire that is out of control can destroy our home within minutes. We must never say never when it comes to the possibility of being homeless, especially when we consider the impact that natural disasters have. Worldwide natural disasters render middle class people near poverty and the poor,
Because the wages at this time were next to nothing, immigrants were forced to spend hours upon hours to make enough money to give what little s...
Furthermore, it was publicized by the media that these individuals were from poor backgrounds and had little care or respect for the working class. This is where the thought that being a welfare state was negative, and contributed to the increasing
He could also make them work as hard as he wanted them to. Except, the risk of losing a serf was too high, especially since the Black Plague was going around. The Finer Times said that the health of a serf wasn’t anywhere near perfect. The water was polluted from the waste of the towns. Homes without bathrooms threw their waste into the gutter or in the streets and small businesses produced rotting garbage that attracted bacteria, rats, fleas, and flies. Medieval Times Info states that every four out of ten babies didn’t reach the age of five due to illness. The Black Plague spread to the manors and killed one-third of the population. Other than illness, hunger was a problem for the serfs. With everyone dropping like flies, there weren't that many serfs left to work in the fields, causing the crops to die out from not being able to get harvested or treated in time. The ladies of the manor had it easier, but not
have not worked. For example, the foster homes. Foster homes were placed because the people
The establishment of houses of confinement, evaluated according to their functional value, were not successful. Early in the nineteenth century houses of confinement as places for accepting the poor vanished all over Europe and this fact permitted their absolute collapse. Foucault (1988) aptly describes them as "a transitory and ineffectual remedy, a social precaution clumsily formulated by a nascent industrialization" (p. 54).
et al., 2005). Urban reformers began to take action, thereby adopting zoning laws and building