Enzymes Enzymes are complex proteins that carry out essentially every chemical reaction in the human body. Enzymes function as biological catalyst, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without themselves being altered in the process. In this particular experiment we recognized benzoquinone and examined two numbers of factors to determine their effects on enzyme action. The factors were temperature and specificity (how discriminating the enzyme is in catalyzing different potential substrates). The enzyme that we examined was catechol oxidase also known as tyrosinase. II. RESULTS Table 1 Formation and Detection of Benzoquinone: Record color ------------------------------------------------------------- Time ==== Tube 2A: Potato Extract and Catechol Tube 2B: Potato Extract and Water Tube 2C: Cathecol and Water 0 min. Dark Orange =========== Light Orange ============ Colorless ========= 10 min Reddish Light Orange Colorless Table 2 Color-Intensity scale or Absorbance Intensity/Absorbance Tube Color of Product 0 2c Colorless 2 2b Light orange 5 2a Reddish Table 3 Specificity of Cathecol Oxidase for Different Substrates Time Tube 3a: Catechol Tube 3b: Hydroquinone Tube 3c: dH O 0 min 5 3 2 10 min 5 3 2 Table 4 Effect of Temperature on enzyme Activity ------------------------------------------------- Relative Color Intensit... ... middle of paper ... ...is a really high temperature, the enzyme molecules start to become unstable, causing the enzyme to become denatured. It is clear that as temperature is increased, the rate of reaction is also increased. We could easily observed that when we ended the experiment and analyzed the test tubes. We observed the difference in colors and color intensity. They are recorded in Table 4. IV COMMENTS The purpose of this laboratory was to understand better what an enzyme is and how it operates. We recognized benzoquinone, the substrates for the enzyme catechole oxidase and observed the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions. Seeing how temperature effects the enzyme molecules was the part we enjoyed the most. We could actually see how the enzyme molecule became denatured or that it reacted very slowly.
Catalase is a common enzyme that is produced in all living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells and within the cells, enzymes function to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes function to create the same reactions using a lower amount of energy. The reactions of catalase play an important role to life, for example, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Our group developed an experiment to test the rate of reaction of catalase in whole carrots and pinto beans with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Almost all enzymes are proteins and proteins are made up of amino acids. The areas within an enzyme speed up the chemical reactions which are known as the active sites, and are also where the
The results of this experiment showed a specific pattern. As the temperature increased, the absorbance recorded by the spectrophotometer increased indicating that the activity of peroxidase enzyme has increased.At 4C the absorbance was low indicating a low peroxidase activity or reaction rate. At 23C the absorbance increased indicating an increase in peroxidase activity. At 32C the absorbance reached its maximum indicating that peroxidase activity reached its highest value and so 32 C could be considered as the optimum temperature of peroxidase enzyme. Yet as the temperature increased up to 60C, the absorbance decreased greatly indicating that peroxidase activity has decreased. This happened because at low temperature such as 4 C the kinetic energy of both enzyme and substrate molecules was low so they moved very slowly, collided less frequently and formed less enzyme-substrate complexes and so little or no products. Yet, at 23 C, as the temperature increased, enzyme and substrate molecules
Catecholase is an enzyme formed by catechol and oxygen used to interlock oxygen at relative settings, and it is present in plants and crustaceans (Sanyal et. al, 2014). For example, in most fruits and vegetables, the bruised or exposed area of the pant becomes brown due to the reaction of catechol becoming oxidized and oxygen becoming reduced by gaining hydrogen to form water, which then creates a chain that is is the structural backbone of dark melanoid pigments (Helms et al., 1998). However, not all fruits and plants darken at the same rate. This leads to question the enzymatic strength of catecholase and how nearby surroundings affect its activity. The catecholase enzyme has an optimal temperature of approximately 40°C (Helms et al., 1998). Anything above that level would denature the tertiary or primary structure of the protein and cause it to be inoperable. At low temperatures, enzymes have a slower catalyzing rate. Enzymes also function under optimal pH level or else they will also denature, so an average quantity of ions, not too high or low, present within a solution could determine the efficiency of an enzyme (Helms et al., 1998). Also, if more enzymes were added to the concentration, the solution would have a more active sites available for substrates and allow the reaction rate to increase if excess substrate is present (Helms et al., 1998). However, if more
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
An assay determines the enzyme activity. Guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide are key factors for this experiment. As the enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide, it gives out hydrogen and oxygen. Guaiacol turns the solution brown in the presence of oxygen, so as the oxygen was given out from the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide the solution turned brownish which proved that the enzyme was reacting. In the first part of this experiment, the concentration of the enzyme was found. In four test-tubes, labelled A-D, each test-tubes were diluted starting from the the test-tube A which had 5ml enzyme stock solution. 1 ml of the enzyme was added to the test-tube B containing 4ml buffer, which was 1:5 dilution after the mixture. 1 ml of the solution from test-tube B was then added to test-tube C, which then had 1:25 dilution. The same procedure was repeated with test-tube D, which had 1:125 dilution. Then, nine test-tubes were taken, out of them one was blank. The rest eight test-tubes had different volumes of buffer, enzyme, hydrogen peroxide and guaiacol. Guaiacol is a dye used to determine the presence of oxygen, which turns the solution brown if oxygen is present. Mixtures of two test-tubes were added and labelled A-D accordingly. The absorption rate of the four test-tubes were then determined over a total time of 120 seconds, having a gap of 20 seconds within the 120 seconds. The more dilute the solution was, the less was the absorption, which
Enzymes are biological catalysts, chemical reactions. Enzyme may act are called substrates and molecules called enzyme converts these into different products. Enzyme are used commercially, for example, synthesis of antibiotics. The study of enzyme is called enzymology.
The purpose of the experiment conducted is to understand the role of enzymes in maintaining life and to be able to identify and explain various factors that affect enzyme functions. Make sure to be wearing lab appropriate clothing, a lab coat, and safety goggles at all times since this experiment involves you handling dangerous chemicals like hydroxylamine. For this experiment one of the main materials needed is a spectrophotometer. The use of the spectrophotometer is very important in this experiment. You will test three concentrations of enzyme (0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 2.0 ml of turnip extract) and three concentrations of substrate (0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, and 0.4 ml hydrogen peroxide). You always need to make sure you have a control, the control in this experiment is the turnip extract and the color reagent guaiacol. Increasing the temperature increases the rate of an enzyme reaction, decreasing the temperature decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction. Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure. Hydroxylamine is a colorless inorganic compound and an odorless white crystalline solid.
Many factors, for example, pH and temperature affects the way enzymes work by either increasing the rate or determining the type of product produced (). The report, therefore, analyses the effects of the enzyme peroxidase in metabolic reactions and determining its optimum temperature in the reactions.
Enzymes in general are very interesting to learn from and are fundamental in carrying out processes in various organisms. Enzymes are proteins that control the speed of reactions, they help quicken the rate of the reaction and also help cells to communicate with each other. There are 3 main groups of enzymes, first are the metabolic enzymes that control breathing, thinking, talking, moving, and immunity. Next are the digestive enzymes that digest food and normally end with –ase, there are 22 known digestive enzymes and examples of these are Amylase, Protease, and Lipase. The final group are the Food or plant enzymes which is what my enzyme that I’m studying falls under. Papain gets its name because it comes from papaya fruit, its main purpose is to break down proteins and break peptide bonds however it is not only used in the Papaya fruit and has many external uses. It was also very helpful in the 1950s when scientists were trying to understand enzymes. It also helps us to this day understand Protein structural studies and peptide mapping. Without enzymes, reactions in the body would not happen fast enough and would tarnish our way of life which is why it is vital that we study and learn from them.
Enzymes are proteins or RNA, ribonucleic acid. An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction. Since the enzyme is not changed by speeding up a chemical reaction, the enzyme can speed up reactions again and again. In a process called catalysis, an enzyme takes what would have been a relatively slow reaction, and makes it faster than the reaction would have been without the enzyme. Enzymes also take the activation energy, which is the energy needed to start reactions, and shortens it. With the decrease in the amount of activation energy needed, reactions could occur more often, and less energy would be needed to begin each reaction. When an enzyme takes a substrate, which is a specific reactant, it changes the substrate in a specific way (Unity and Diversity 82). The active site on the enzyme is a specific shape, so the enzyme can only change certain substrates, the ones that fit into the enzyme’s activation site like a piece in a puzzle.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Enzymes in Medicine and Industry What is an enzyme? = == ==
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
Enzymes are protein molecules that are made by organisms to catalyze reactions. Typically, enzymes speeds up the rate of the reaction within cells. Enzymes are primarily important to living organisms because it helps with metabolism and the digestive system. For example, enzymes can break larger molecules into smaller molecules to help the body absorb the smaller pieces faster. In addition, some enzyme molecules bind molecules together. However, the initial purpose of the enzyme is to speed up reactions for a certain reason because they are “highly selective catalysts” (Castro J. 2014). In other words, an enzyme is a catalyst, which is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without undergoing changes. Moreover, enzymes work with
The Application of Enzymes in Industry and Medicine Enzymes are proteins, made up of polypeptide chains of amino acids. They are biological catalysts to regulate the speed of many processes, and are used in industry and medicine, but in different ways. Enzymes are globular proteins, with their structure held together by hydrogen bonds and can therefore be denatured easily if these bonds are broken. This is because their structure is very important in the way they work. They have an active site, which is the area in which substrates are broken down into product molecules, and if this is altered the enzyme can no longer function.
The Applications of Enzymes in Industry and Medicine Enzymes have a wide range of applications and they are used in industry and in medicine to perform numerous different tasks to get specific results. The market for commercially produced enzymes is catalysts is very large because enzymes are used in reactions to speed up a specific process therefore making the process cheaper for the company since they work best in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and at low temperatures. Enzymes are used in processes such as beer brewing, drug manufacturing, food manufacturing, in biological detergents, in agriculture, for pharmaceutical uses and even for medical and therapeutic uses. These examples are only a few of the many uses for enzymes and the market is large and ever-growing because of the facility to use microorganisms for the production of pure enzymes in bulk and on demand. Commercially, enzymes have enormous potential.