The Treatment of Women and Men Sports Players
Sport plays a major part in the culture of today’s society. Many
people spend considerable time in front of the television, in sports
grounds and traveling all over the country to support their respective
club whether it be football, rugby, cricket or netball etc. However
whilst playing, spectating or just generally being involved in a
sport, things can go wrong and this very often results in an action in
the civil or criminal courts.
Sporting incidents should be dealt with like any other civil or
criminal action, however there is evidence this is not happening in
many cases in both areas of law.
There can be several areas of civil law where claims can be made.
These are Negligence, occupier’s liability, defamation, nuisance,
trespass and animals. However not all these will need to be looked at,
the main ones being Negligence and occupiers liability. It is in the
area of negligence that I will look at the sporting cases and how they
differ from non - sporting cases of civil wrongs. I will be looking at
participators, clubs, referees and spectators. In the second section
I will be looking at negligence and injuries in football and how they
differ from non football negligence and injuries.
Part 1 The Law of Negligence
Negligence occurs in many areas of civil Law. Negligence consists of
three elements, namely a legal duty to take care, breach of that duty
and damage suffered as a consequence of that breach.
The test for establishing whether a duty of care is owed is based on
the famous case of Donaghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562 and the neighbour
principle set out by Lord A...
... middle of paper ...
...ford City FC v Gray and Huddersfield Town Association
(1998) QBD
· Brian McCord v Swansea AFC and John Cornforth (1996) QBD
· Matthew Cubbin v Stephen Minnis (2000) Briken Head County Court
· Urch v Valder
· Whitehead v British Railways Board
· Watkinson v British Railways Board
· R v Lincoln (1990) 12 Cr App R 250
· R v Blissett
· R v Birkin [1988] Crim LR 854
· www.westlaw.co.uk
· www.leedsmet.ac.uk
· www.lawtel.com
· www.butterworths.co.uk
· Gardiner, S. Felix, A. Welch, R. O’Leary, J. (2001) Sports Law. 2nd
Edition. Cavendish
· Bellamy, J (2004) Who would be a referee? The developing legal
liability of sports referees. International Sports Law review 1(feb),
pp9-14.
· James, M. (2004) Wattleworth v GRRC, MSA and FIA. E-commerce Law
Report. 4(4), pp23-24.
In the past recent years, we have heard in the news around cases involving assault and battery cases involving professional athletes or other celebrity figures, however, it is “not uncommon in the sport and recreation environment for a person to be harmed as a result of another’s intentional conduct, both on and off the “field of play” Cotten & Wolohan, p. 214). Nonetheless, it is important to understand that the term “liability” is often not limited to athletes-as-combatants. For example, in Law for recreation & sport managers uses an example from page 215 that discusses a youth football game regarding how a referee was attacked by three coaches and also was tackled by a 14-year-old player, resulting in charges of felony battery. Thus, Hamakawa remarks to say, ”recreation and sport managers should be aware that their organizations are not immune from incidents involving participants, parents and other spectators, coaches, and officials, security
Since sports and athletics have been brought into our society it has always been gender specific. For example, it is seen that males should be playing the rough and tough sports or athletics such as rugby and football, whereas the women should be participating in less competitive sports and athletics such as swimming, or running. Can you imagine that the world population of women is around forty-nine percent and they still aren’t given the same opportunities or respect as men? Being a women in the twenty-first century playing one of those “non-traditional” sports is a tough task for these women. The women who choose to do so are usually questioned about their sexuality and
Power Structures of Men and Women in Sports. As an athlete or spectator, it is easy to both feel and see the impact sports have on people of both genders. Athletes are able to experience sports personally, while spectators usually experience sports through different channels of mass media. Realizing the effects that the world of athletics has on individuals and society as a whole is vital to the understanding of how sports can positively and negatively affect athletes as well as spectators.
Unintentionally, a lot of us have been boxed into institutions that promote gender inequality. Even though this was more prominent decades ago, we still see how prevalent it is in today’s world. According to the authors of the book, Gender: Ideas, Interactions, Institutions, Lisa Wade and Myra Marx Ferree define gendered institutions as “the one in which gender is used as an organizing principle” (Wade and Ferree, 167). A great example of such a gendered institution is the sports industry. Specifically in this industry, we see how men and women are separated and often differently valued into social spaces or activities and in return often unequal consequences. This paper will discuss the stigma of sports, how gender is used to separate athletes, and also what we can learn from sports at Iowa State.
Physicality and sports have been synonymous with each other ever since the beginning. All sports leagues of various skill levels must straddle the fine line between what is acceptable within the game and what is pushing the limits. This is especially true for full contact sports, such as; American football, boxing, and ice hockey. Deliberately or incidentally, the physicality of the sport is an integral part of the game. These unique sports are in the crosshairs of the rules, regulations, and policies of the given sport and are at the mercy of civil laws as well. This brings up tort law, in which someone unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act. Within this paper, I will cover past, present, and potential future issues regarding tort law in the professional sports industry. This information is valuable because many people believe that sport administrators are powerless when it comes to these sorts of problems, and that the judicial system needs to intervene. If it is not up to the sport administrators running and working for these leagues then who is responsible for finding solutions to problems? Or making the game a safe and fun activity for future generations to enjoy? Furthermore, recent lawsuits surrounding head injuries in the National Football League (NFL) and the National Hockey League (NHL) have stem from the alleged negligence of the individuals leagues. These issues can potentially change the way we see and play American football and ice hockey forevermore.
Gender discrimination is prominent in every industry, but it is as though the sport industry is one of the worst. Women in the work force currently receive only 80 cents to every man’s dollar (Holmes, 2016). However, female athletes both in America and internationally receive a far lesser compensation for their attributes. The only difference of the sports being played is who plays them. There should be no reason why a male athlete receives better pay simply because he had a 50% chance of being born a man. At birth, no one controls the gender, but as they grow and mature, they control their personality and development. Payment should be on personal skills and not gender. As a female STHM student focusing on sport management and a former athlete,
The Sporties. The Sporties is a sitcom that focuses on the Australian love of sports and cheeky behaviour. It is set around the time of the Rugby State of Origin and follows a group of supporters on each side. It will be set in multiple location, such as the football field, pub and the characters homes.
Women have forever had this label on their back of being too small, too weak, too feminine, and too boring. The traditional gender roles of the female interfere with the extortionate nature of competing in sports. Men are usually the ones to go 100% and give whatever they got, and to show masculinity while doing it. The standard masculinity of being strong, smart, and taking charge over dues the feminine traits of being soft, gentle, and polite. That’s what society has taught us to learn and accept. But the traditional female gender role is diminished when participating in athletics and people may think it’s weird to see females compete at the same level as males do. Men have always had the upper hand in the professional, collegian, and high
When individuals, male or female, decide to enter a non-traditional sport for his/ her gender, there will inevitably be benefits and costs. Because sports themselves are divided along gender and race lines, one would expect that individuals who intend to play a sport deemed by culture and by society as counterintuitive are bound to be criticized and alienated because of their choices. Difference automatically threatens conventions, traditions, and expectations, and hence, it threatens the individuals who belong to that traditional sphere. Because sports are affected as much by funding as they are by issues of diversity and accessibility, the following questions address those issues: which group of people have access to what sports (the type of resources a school has determines the number of athletic opportunities and leagues that are available), what racial groups are represented more in which sports (African Americans are over represented in basketball but they are under represented in iced hockey, whites are over represented in winter sports but they are underrepresented in football), and how do those two questions overall affect a society and culture's response to "deviations?"
In addition, sports is a common setting in which sex-segregation still exists. Many individuals reject the idea of men’s superiority, but still they find it appropriated and even necessary to portray and keep that image on sports rather than in any other institution. Historically, women were viewed as weak and fragile for athletic and physical activities especially because they were considered harmful for their reproductive health (Taniguchi & Shupe, 2012). Indeed, it is common to see more men’s teams participating in sports, but also media gives more coverage to men’s sports, use more men players for advertising and fantasy sport leagues (Love & Kelly, 2011).
It has taken many years for women to gain a semblance of equality in sports. Throughout history, women have been both excluded from playing sports and discriminated against in sports. Men’s sports have always dominated the college athletic field, but women were finally given a fighting chance after Title IX was passed. Title IX, among other things, requires scholarships to be equally proportioned between men and women’s sports. Although this was a huge gain for women, gender inequality still exists in sports today. An example of this persisting inequality can be seen when looking at men’s baseball and women’s softball. In college, baseball and softball are both major NCAA sports. It is widely accepted throughout today’s society that baseball is a man’s sport, and softball is a woman’s sport. Very few people question why the two sexes are separated into two different sports, or wonder why women play softball instead of baseball. Fewer people know that women have been essentially excluded from playing baseball for a long time. This paper will focus on why softball has not changed the way women’s basketball has, why women continue to play softball, the possibilities and dynamics of women playing baseball with and without men, and the most discriminating aspect of women being banned from playing professional baseball.
In today’s society women are not allowed to play baseball with men due to patriarchal myths and misconceptions that have been around since the emergence of baseball in America. All women should be able to play baseball with men and there is no legitimate reason why they shouldn't. Women are physically, mentally, and emotionally capable of playing baseball just as men are. With that being said their biological sex or gender should not and does not affect their ability to play baseball in the company of men. In addition their sex should not deem their athletic ability as inferior in comparison to men. Since the adoption of baseball as an American pastime, the sport of baseball has been cultivated and altered to amputate women exuding the masculinity of baseball. The emergence of baseball as popular and profitable sport has failed to acknowledge and highlight the athletic abilities women. Instead its conception has affirmed women to be fragile and it has also depicted women to not have the skills or talents to play and compete alongside men. There are numerous individuals who are opposed to fusion of women and men on the baseball field. These individuals use demeaning stereotypes and beliefs to support their claims. Often these claims are false and are not supported by factual or scientific data. For example these claims say that women are weaker than men, women are not physically capable of playing sports, or a woman's place is in the home rather than on the playing field. These claims have been in existence since the beginning of time and have filtered into the arena of baseball. These claims are used as agencies to enforce the superiority of men and the inferiority of women.
Gender roles and gender stereotypes greatly affect men and women sports. They affect men and women sports so much that men sports are far more popular than women sports. Gender roles are what or society expects of us, and gende2r stereotypes are fixed and oversimplified beliefs. The difference is that gender roles are what we observe in society, and gender stereotypes are what we assume about certain individuals (Rathus, 2010, p.447).
Throughout history, the pursuit for equality has been tough. Individuals, such as Nelson Mandela and Emma Watson, have strived for a society where race, physical appearance and gender do not distinguish a person’s social status. Despite their support, many examples of inequality still exist to this day. One example is women in sport and the belief that ”women’s sport will never be able to compete with men’s sport. Sport isn’t for women, it is for men.” The 2 main issues supporting this statement are the sexploitation of women and the portrayal and coverage of women in the media.
Gender in sports has been a controversial issue ever since sports were invented. In the early years, sports were played only by the men, and the women were to sit on the sidelines and watch. This was another area of life exemplifying the sexism of people in which women were not allowed to do something that men could. However, over the last century in particular, things have begun to change.