This essay will refer only to the three texts given here:
M.M.P - Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Primacy of Perception and Its Philosophical Consequences
E.H - Edmund Husserl, Pure Phenomenology, Its Method, and Its Field of Investigation
M.H - Martin Heidegger, The Fundamental Discoveries of Phenomenology, Its Principle, and the Clarification of Its Name
Pure phenomenology takes as given the existence of an intersubjective world(1), ("the totality of perceptible things and the thing of all things" M.M.P), and the existence of perceptual subjects who perceive the phenomena(2) of the world. (This does not necessarily mean the existence of the self, ."..all consciousness is perceptual, even the consciousness of ourselves." Objectively it is possible for the self to remain a phenomenon that could exist outside of consciousness, and can therefore be perceived and analysed phenomenologically).
Phenomenology attempts to describe the structures of experience as they present themselves to consciousness and is based on a perceptual understanding of the world. This is not to disregard logic, geometry, mathematics or the sciences in general as mere tautology. Phenomenology is the study of our subjective experience, the experience of perception. This is not however an empirical thesis because it does not disregard ideal knowledge acquired through reason, or logic, but seeks to ground them in perception. Because perception is the first truth through which we are able to make truth statements, knowledge always comes to us via perception. In Husserlian terms we are taking the Cartesian method, cogito ego sum, but disregarding its aims (namely; proving the existence of God, proving the existence of self,) and using it as the starting p...
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...e chair itself that it came from a factory. We draw no conclusions, make no investigations, but we simply see this in it, even though we have no sensation of a factory or anything like it."
4.That is to use Heidegger's own definition, "lived experiences taken in the broadest sense," or:
"The comportments of life are also called acts: perception, judgement, love, hate," where act "simply means intentional relation. Acts refer to those lived experiences which have the character of intentionality. We must adhere to this concept of act and not confuse it with others."
5.Intentio "the way something is intended... also understood as the act of presuming."
Intentum "the intended, is to be understood in the sense just developed, not the perceived as an entity, but the entirety in the how of its being-perceived, the intentum in the how of its being intended
In section 15 of The Crisis, Husserl proposes an introspective enquiry of ourselves that is guided by the teleology of philosophy. As part of trying to understand ourselves, we must go back and look at what other philosophers in history have been saying in a bid to “understand the unity running through all the [philosophical] projects of history that oppose one another and work together in their changing forms”. In as much as this historical analysis is personal, we are just a part of the whole history of philosophy, and have a role to build up on what has been established before. In order to understand the teleological journey of philosophy, and how we are part of it, we cannot just look at it from the outside. We have to try and understand it from the inside - we already have the spiritual-historical connection - if we are to truly know who we are.
In my presentation today I shall focus first on Heidegger's attempt to tackle the problem of "metaphysics" and his wish to transcend it. Then I shall try to evaluate his thoughts about transcending metaphysics in connection with his interpretation of Nietzsche's anthropology which he considers to be the top achievement of metaphysics.
Genetic phenomenology is Husserl's philosophical successor to his earlier eidetic phenomenology; it represents the highest development in Husserl's project. Husserl's eidetic phenomenology holds that both the structure of intentional acts and the intentional object are given (Detmer 165). Husserl later comes to doubt the givenness in eidetic phenomenology; these structures and objects of consciousness must have developed throughout history (Detmer 166). This is the process of sedimentation: patterns of understanding and expectations gradually influence later experiences (Zahavi 94). Intentional acts themselves have eidetic structures that are not immediately given; they must be analyzed if the phenomenological project is to continue. A close
Morreall, J. (1982) ‘Philosophy and Phenomenological Research’, International Phenomenological Society, Vol. 42, No.3, pp. 407-415
Following in the path of Kant and Fichte, Hegel has become one of the most influential philosophers in history. His philosophy has influenced important people, such as Karl Marx, and influential schools of thought, such as the Frankfurt School. This influence rides heavily on the chapter, Master and Slave in his book Phenomenology of Spirit. This chapter examines the relationship between two self-consciousnesses, and the process of self-creating. The relationship between the two self-consciousnesses and the eventual path to ‘acknowledgment’ or recognition of the self is outlined in the first line of the chapter: “Self-consciousness exists in itself and for itself, in that, and by the fact that it exists for another self-consciousness; that
o The effect that each classification has upon what he may or many not do constitutes their “reality.”
I am interested . . . in the way in which the subject constitutes himself in an active fashion, by the practices of the self, these ...
The desire to avoid dualism has been the driving motive behind much contemporary work on the mind-body problem. Gilbert Ryle made fun of it as the theory of 'the ghost in the machine', and various forms of behaviorism and materialism are designed to show that a place can be found for thoughts, sensations, feelings, and other mental phenomena in a purely physical world. But these theories have trouble accounting for consciousness and its subjective qualia. As the science develops and we discover facts, dualism does not seems likely to be true.
Experience is the power-house where purposes and will, thought and ideals, are being generated. I am not of course denying that the main process of life is that of testing, verifying, comparing. To compare and to select is always the process of education. . . When you get to a situation it becomes what it was plus you; you are responding to the situation plus yourself, that is, to the relation between it and yourself... Life is not a movie for us; you can never watch life because you are always in life... [T]he 'progressive integrations,' the ceaseless interweavings of new specific respondings, is the whole forward moving of existence; there is no adventure for those who stand at the counters of life and match samples. (Follett 1924: 133-134)
Crosby explained only in acting through themselves and living freely do persons come alive subjectively. Subjectivity is the relation of person to themselves as subject, which establishes the interiority of the person’s existence. He split subjectivity into two fundamentals: self-presence and self-determinism. Self-presence is knowing one is conscious and intentionally being conscious of some external object(s). The more self-presence one has equates to a greater ability to enter the object outside of oneself. Others help one find their self-presence. One can also discover more of their self-presence by objectifying or looking at themselves as others see them. Self-determination is experiencing oneself because of their own free choices/decisions. One’s conscience admonishes them when they are making choices which metaphorically “derail them.” Persons determine who they are and what they want to become from their innermost center. Immediate self-determinism says what one does has an immediate effect on them
Life is a mixture of experiences, culture, tradition, sexuality, politics and much more. Experiences make us the person who we are today. Describing how an individual handles certain stages in life. These experiences demonstrates how a person behaves, and determines their attitude. In my life I have experienced many things that have affected me in all aspects of myself. How I interact with people, what my actions are, my preferences, and all about me. With my experiences that I have faced I learned many things but one thing that stands out is that everyone should have morals of compassion, kindness, and respect the value of life. This is a very diminutive world and we can take to perspective to be considerate with our actions and say.
The highest level of awareness of consciousness is what is referred as Absolute, in Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’. The phrase might be an adequate hint for the intention behind the title of the article. Nonetheless, my interest in the article will still be to illustrate why Hegel has said that the Absolute is essentially a result.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Arnold V. Miller, and J. N. Findlay. Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford [England: Clarendon, 1977. Print.
Deep in the minds of human beings lies a vast ocean of emotions and experiences. The human mind is often misconstrued and simplified by those who possess one, but delving deeper into the mind and it’s processes you see a whole other world that is veiled beneath the surface. One of the most famous examples of the human mind is the image of an iceberg, what is on the surface is so minimal compared to the immense body that lies underneath. Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis and believed in the idea of the unconscious and subconscious that help power who we are. Through psychoanalysis Freud began to reclaim the self as an individual and stressed the importance of the external world and it’s direct role with the internal realm of an individual. Although it was originally found to be a sort of therapy for those with mental illnesses, it has an interesting and analytical and philosophical view of the self, and through this spawned new beliefs in philosophy. Through the establishment of the id, superego, and ego, and the past’s affect on the shaping the present state of the self, psychoanalysis reclaims the self for an individual and is successful in doing so.
Three small words can bring inner happiness to me and others. Having the ability to change your attitude towards life and what defines one will create a feeling of peace. Living your life can bring good and bad regrets, but by the choice we make can bring happiness, and a meaningful life. The goal of this essay is to show what credo I live by and what defines me as a person. Having the power to live with the choices I had made, determination towards a goal, and finding a deeper meaning to life.