Interpretation is quite specialized, especially the conference interpretation. In the early years of interpretation, people just simply believed that it is possible for an interpreter to translate the source language into the target language soon if he is quick in thought and has excellent command of the two languages. But in practice, people find the process of interpretation is not as simple as they expected. Only code transformation without comprehension would lead to an obscure version which is hard to understand. Just as Danica Seleskovitch mentioned that in the process of interpreting, comprehension of source language information should be put into a prior position while the information transmission in target language comes last. So the key point is to transmit what the speaker means to the audience accurately and clearly so as to assure the success of communication. People always have some expectation for interpretation in high quality. Since the quality of interpretation is subject to the influence of diverse factors, this thesis tends to probe into some of those factors from the aspects of spoken language, comprehension, memory, notes, and re-expression.
1. Spoken Language
Spoken language is the language carrier of interpretation. Actually "the concept of `colloquial language' concerning interpretation is just the outer form of the distinctive national symbol systems used by source or target languages. Thus it is not a concept of speech but a concept of language. That's to say, spoken language can not be equated with speech which refers to the use of spoken language; instead it is a sound natural symbol system for human communication but different from its later-comer--- written language. It follows its own regular ...
... middle of paper ...
..., ability of memorization, and so on, with regard to interpretation's internal mechanism and in reference to above analysis, all the matters including interpreters' mastering of working language, the unbalance between two languages, some vague understanding about source language distinguishing and comprehension, particular rules of human memorization, the methods of taking interpretation notes, as well as the distortion in re-expression of target language have direct influence on the quality of interpretation. In our teaching for interpretation as well as interpreters' vocational studies, if we have a better understanding about those factors restraining interpretation quality, no doubt, we can suit the remedy to the case and have a definite object in view; thus an all-round improvement in our teaching and interpreters' ability could be achieved in the near future.
Speech can simply be defined as the faculty or act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions ...
Communication between humans would not be possible without the development of language. Gee and Hayes (2011), states that Language is a physically present set of rules that are established cognitively and socially that guides groups of humans to communicate with each other (p. 6). Language can take the form of many types of communication. Language that is seen, also known as non-verbal communication can be described as written language, body language, gestures and Auslan (Grellier & Goerke, 2014, p. 220). Language that is heard, also known as oral language is the ability to communicate through speech (Gee & Hayes, 2011. p. 6). Oral language has been present amoung all humanity since the beginning of time, starting from one original language.
Effective communication, for client’s who are not fluent in English, the use of a trained interpreter helps bridge any communication gaps.
Semantic translation resorts to the contextual meaning that communicates through language. Newmark (1988) contends that “semantic translation” differs from “literal translation” only in as far as it captures more aesthetic value of the ST. Following the basic principle of faithfulness, it is highly accurate. Semantic translation is generally adopted in academic and legal translations, but seldom used in business communication since it is not effective and efficient enough in delivering business communication.
Translation, oral or written, is probably as ancient person spoken or written word. Translation as defined the communication of the meaning of a source language text by the meaning of an equivalent target language text. In addition described the translation as an expression of a sense from one language to another language. However it is a multiple stages creative and process. Translation offers us the experience and attitudes of another culture or from traditional language to modern language. Such as a Traditional Chinese translation. While looking at traditional Chinese translation, social science; cultural and ethical values, that traditional Chinese translation is not necessarily
Language is a fundamental communication tool between different social and cultural regions. Friendships, cultural groups, political parties, organizations, families and cultural groups are founded through a language . Without this medium of conversing and exchanging ideas, great business ideas that have yielded billionaires would be futile.
Interpreting is a form of translating which occurs when two or more interlocutors do not speak the same language. However, interpreting or interpretation cannot be defined as a solely oral translation of words and signs, for it involves the context, as well as cultural differences among interlocutors. Thus, the main task of an interpreter is to convey the message of the speaker to the target audience in a manner that will help them understand what is being said. More specifically, an interpreter must make the same impact on the target audience that the speaker aims for the audience of his/her language, i.e. the source language. Bridging the gap between languages involves the understanding of context, gist, purpose,
In the 1960s and 1970s, based on the concept of equivalence, many scholars have developed various views and approaches, which has improved and further developed the translation theory. Nida (as cited in Venuti, 2000), one of the most influential linguists in the translation field, defines two different types of equivalence, which are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on the form and content of the source text. Dynamic equivalence emphasizes that the translation need to use an unmarked expression, but to provide the same function in the target text. The target text 1 shown in table 1 is an example of using formal equivalence. The Chinese sign ‘注意安全’ has been translated as ‘Attention Safety’. However, due to the differences of the terms between Chinese and English, this target text could be difficult to understand by the target audience. Hence, as Nida (as cited in Venuti, 2000) states by using formal equivalence, it is necessary to use footnotes to help target audience understand these idiomatic terms in the source language. The target text two: ‘Caution!’ is an example of using dynamic equivalence. This translation only translated the first two Chinese characters. The language use of this translation has been made some adjustment to match the context of the target language. However, this translation could provide the same function in the target culture as the function of the source text in the source culture. Thus, Nida’s (as cited in Venuti, 2000) two types of equivalence approach provide some effective methods of translation. After using footnotes or some essential adjustment, the source test could be generally considered as
Translation means an intense form of cultural and social act of understanding a context and conveying it to another language and culture. Studying on language theories, culture and translation and the relationship between these factors are valuable issues dueto the growing importance of human communication in the world. The variety of languages with different culturesand necessity of communications in human life caused translation to be a very effective factor in communication, exchange of cultures, and knowledge. Translation studies emerged as a distinct discipline in the past few decades and it expanded in unprecedented ways. This expansion has brought with itself a multitude of different and competing approaches, translation models etc. This shows the acceptance of the new born discipline and it established a dominant paradigm. The main job of translators is to provide an effective means of communication. The translator is simultaneously a mediator, creator, manager, producer and sometimes a critic. Efficient communication means translating an original text by word to word basis and meaning-meaning transliteration. It’s delivering the genuine context of the message to the language that the target language user understands. Translators work beyond the boundaries of languages, cultures and societies. They position themselves between the poles of specificity and adaptation in accordance with the strategies of their translational behaviour. Translation is not a simple process of translating word by word and by using a dictionary, it requires a lot of cultural awareness and understanding to be able to say it just like a native language would.Change of ideas, concentration of mutualefforts in different directions, communication among...
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
Before beginning the main discussion in this essay, the difference between language and communication must be outlined. The Penguin English Dictionary (2003) defines language as ‘the ability to make and use audible, articulate, and meaningful sound by the a...
Speaking is an active and productive skill is become most people’s interest these days. Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving, and processing information (Brown, 2001; Burns & Joyce, 1997). People who know a language, referred to the speakers of that language. As if learning speaking means learning other skills of a language, most foreign language learners interested in learning to speak(Ur, 2006).
The work of the translator stars with the reading of the ST: he has to study the lexicon, the grammatical structure, the communicative intention of the writer, and of course the cultural context in which is developed the ST, in order to identify the best translation strategy able to express the original intention.
To start with, I do not want to narrowly define language as merely verbal communication. Language is far broader than that. In a few seconds a person walking past you on the street could tell you more about themselves with a sincere smile than they could with a few rushed words. Language encompasses all aspects of communication that enhance the level of our interaction. The tone in our voice demonstrating our feelings on a topic or our body language indicating our level of interest are just as important in interaction as verbally communicating content. There for I define language as any act that is involved in the interaction between two or more people.
This paper will explain the process we, as humans usually follow to understand a certain text or utterance. This explanation would be achieved through the analysis of two journal articles from semantics and pragmatics perspective, taking into account a range of techniques associated with each of the two concepts including: